|
| Basis for about a dozen major enterprise ontologies
|
|-
| [[DOLCE]]
| 2002
| 2017
| Nicola Guarino and his associates
| Capturing the ontological categories underlying natural language and human common sense.
| CC-BY 4.0
| {{URL|http://www.loa.istc.cnr.it/dolce/overview.html}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loa.istc.cnr.it/dolce/overview.html|title=Laboratory for Applied Ontology - DOLCE|website=www.loa.istc.cnr.it}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ontologydesignpatterns.org/wiki/Ontology:DOLCE+DnS_Ultralite|title=Semantic Technology Laboratory - DOLCE|website=www.ontologydesignpatterns.org}}</ref>
| 76 classes, 112 properties, 581 axioms
| Its categories are cognitive artifacts.
| DOLCE-Ultralite
|-
| [[BORO]]
| It is built upon a series of clear metaphysical choices to provide a solid (metaphysical) foundation.
|
|-
|COSMO
|
|June 2020
|Patrick Cassidy
|Foundation ontology that can serve to enable broad general Semantic Interoperability.
|open and free
|{{URL|http://micra.com/COSMO/}}
| over 21000 types (OWL classes), over 1300 relations, and over 10000 restrictions.
| Is fully open, and any comments or suggestions from any sources are welcome.
| OWL version
|-
|[[General formal ontology|GFO]]
|To enable integration of life-cycle information the model is 4D and excludes all information constraints that are appropriate only to particular applications within the scope.
|ISO 15926-2:2003
|-
|MarineTLO
|2011
|version 5.0 at modified at 2017
|[https://www.ics.forth.gr FORTH-ICS]
|Facts about marine species
|Open
|{{URL|https://projects.ics.forth.gr/isl/MarineTLO/}}
|≈ 5.5M triples about marine species (≈ 54,000), ecosystems, water areas, vessels, etc.
|Research about species and biodiversity.
|iMarineTLO
|-
|PROTON
|
|version 3.0
|Ontotext (Kiril Simov et.al.)
|A basic subsumption hierarchy which provides coverage of most of the upper-level concepts
|[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ CC by3.0]
|{{URL|http://www.ontotext.com/proton/protontop.html}}
|25 Classes and 77 Properties
|Subsumption hierarchy
|Version 3.0
|-
|Designed to provide common mapping points for relating different ontologies or schema to one another,
|UMBEL 1.50
|-
|UFO
|2005 (Guizzardi's Ph.D. thesis)
|2015
|Giancarlo Guizzardi extended by [https://nemo.inf.ufes.br NEMO] and [[Brandenburg University of Technology|BTU at LOA laboratory]]
|UFO-A = analyze structural conceptual modeling constructs <br /> UFO-B = ontology of events <br /> UFO-C = ontology of social and intentional aspects
|
|
|
|Incorporating developments from GFO, DOLCE and the Ontology of Universals underlying [[OntoClean]] in a single coherent foundational ontology.
|UFO-A<br />UFO-B<br />UFO-C
|-
|Not axiomatically precise. Used in [[Natural language processing]] research.
|Version 3.1
|-
|[[M3 Sensor Taxonomy]]
|2021-2012
|Version 4.6 in 2021
|[[Eurecom]]
|Ontology to reference IoT Devices in various domains,
|[[GNU GPLv3 license|GNU GPLv3-like]]
|{{URL|1=http://sensormeasurement.appspot.com/?p=m3}}
|More than 421 concepts;
|Used in European projects, national, and research projects in various domains (e.g., health, robotics, smart city, smart home, energy).
|Version 4.6
|}
gist was the subject of a paper exploring how to bridge modeling differences between ontologies.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221235042|chapter=Complexity of Reasoning with Expressive Ontology Mappings|series=Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications|volume=183|issue=<!--Formal Ontology in Information Systems-->|title=Formal Ontology in Information Systems|author1=Chiara Ghidini |author2=Luciano Serafini |author3=Segio Tessaris |doi=10.3233/978-1-58603-923-3-297|year=2008|pages=297–310|publisher=IOS Press }}</ref>
In a paper describing the OQuaRE methodology for evaluating ontologies, the gist unit of measure ontology (at that time, a separate module) scored the highest in the manual evaluation against 10 other unit of measure ontologies, and scored above average in the automated evaluation. The authors stated: "This ontology could easily be tested and validated, its knowledge could be effectively reused and adapted for different specified environments".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Duque-Ramos |first1=Astrid |last2=Fernandez-Breis |first2=Jesualdo Tomas |last3=Stevens |first3=Robert |last4=Aussenac-Gilles |first4=Nathalie |title=OQuaRE: A SQuaRE-based approach for evaluating the quality of ontologies |journal=Journal of Research and Practice in Information Technology |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=159–176 |date=May 2011 |url=http://www.acs.org.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/14118/JRPIT43.2.159.pdf |issn=1443-458X}}</ref>
===IDEAS===
The upper ontology developed by the [[IDEAS Group]] is [[higher-order]], [[extensional]] and [[4D ontology|4D]]. It was developed using the [[BORO Method]]. The IDEAS ontology is not intended for reasoning and inference purposes; its purpose is to be a precise model of business.
===ISO 15926===
ISO 15926 is an International Standard for the representation of [[Plant lifecycle management|process plant life-cycle]] information. This representation is specified by a generic, conceptual data model that is suitable as the basis for implementation in a shared database or data warehouse. The data model is designed to be used in conjunction with reference data: standard instances that represent information common to a number of users, process plants, or both. The support for a specific life-cycle activity depends on the use of appropriate reference data in conjunction with the data model. To enable integration of life-cycle information the model excludes all information constraints that are appropriate only to particular applications within the scope.
ISO 15926-2 defines a generic model with 201 entity types. It has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 184, Industrial automation systems and integration, Subcommittee SC 4, Industrial data.
===MarineTLO===
MarineTLO is an upper ontology for the marine domain (also applicable to the terrestrial domain), developed by the Information Systems Laboratory at the Institute of Computer Science,
Foundation for Research and Technology — Hellas ([https://www.ics.forth.gr FORTH-ICS]).
Its purpose is to tackle the need for having integrated sets of facts about marine species,
and thus to assist research about species and [[biodiversity]].
It provides a unified and coherent core model for schema mapping which enables formulating and
answering queries which cannot be answered by any individual source.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ics.forth.gr/isl/MarineTLO|title=MarineTLO — A Top Level Ontology for the Marine/Biodiversity Domain|work=forth.gr|access-date=22 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Tzitzikas |first1=Y. |last2=Alloca |first2=C. |last3=Bekiari |first3=C. |last4=Marketakis |first4=Y. |last5=Fafalios |first5=P. |last6=Doerr |first6=M. |last7=Minadakis |first7=N. |last8=Patkos |first8=T. |last9=Candela |first9=L. |title=Metadata and Semantics Research |chapter=Integrating Heterogeneous and Distributed Information about Marine Species through a Top Level Ontology |series=Communications in Computer and Information Science |year=2013|pages=289–301|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-03437-9_29|volume=390|isbn=978-3-319-03436-2}}</ref>
===PROTON===
PROTON (PROTo ONtology) is a basic [[subsumption hierarchy]] which provides coverage of most of the upper-level concepts necessary for semantic annotation, indexing, and retrieval.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}
===SUMO (Suggested Upper Merged Ontology)===
{{main|UMBEL}}
Upper Mapping and Binding Exchange Layer ([[UMBEL]]) is an ontology of 28,000 reference concepts that maps to a simplified subset of the [[OpenCyc]] ontology, that is intended to provide a way of linking the precise OpenCyc ontology with less formal ontologies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mkbergman.com/441/the-role-of-umbel-stuck-in-the-middle-with-you/|title=The Role of UMBEL: Stuck in the Middle with You . . .|author=Mike Bergman|access-date=2010-10-26|date=2008-05-11}}</ref> It also has formal mappings to [[Wikipedia]], [[DBpedia]], [[PROTON Ontology|PROTON]] and [[GeoNames]]. It has been developed and maintained as [[open source]] by Structured Dynamics.
===UFO (Unified Foundational Ontology)===
The Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO), developed by [[Giancarlo Guizzardi]] and associates, incorporating developments from GFO, DOLCE and the Ontology of Universals underlying OntoClean in a single coherent foundational ontology. The core categories of UFO (UFO-A) have been completely formally characterized in Giancarlo Guizzardi's Ph.D. thesis and further extended at the Ontology and Conceptual Modelling Research Group (NEMO) in Brazil with cooperators from Brandenburg University of Technology (Gerd Wagner) and Laboratory for Applied Ontology (LOA). UFO-A has been employed to analyze structural conceptual modeling constructs such as object types and taxonomic relations, associations and relations between associations, roles, properties, datatypes and weak entities, and parthood relations among objects. More recent developments incorporate an ontology of events in UFO (UFO-B), as well as an ontology of social and intentional aspects (UFO-C). The combination of UFO-A, B and C has been used to analyze, redesign and integrate reference conceptual models in a number of complex domains, for instance Enterprise Modeling, Software Engineering, Service Science, Petroleum and Gas, Telecommunications, and Bioinformatics. Another recent development aimed towards a clear account of services and service-related concepts, and provided for a commitment-based account of the notion of service (UFO-S).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nardi |first1=J.C. |last2=Falbo |first2=R.D.A. |last3=Almeida |first3=J.P.A. |last4=Guizzardi |first4=G. |last5=Pires |first5=L.F. |last6=van Sinderen |first6=M.J. |last7=Guarino |first7=N. |chapter=Towards a Commitment-Based Reference Ontology for Services |doi=10.1109/EDOC.2013.28 |title=17th IEEE International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference (EDOC 2013) |publisher=IEEE |year=2013 |pages=175–184 |isbn=978-0-7695-5081-7 |s2cid=2413581 }}</ref>
UFO is the foundational ontology for [[OntoUML]], an ontology modeling language.
===WordNet===
| 