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==Sentence structure==
===Word classes===
Like most Indo-European languages, including [[English language|English]], Portuguese classifies most of its lexicon into four [[part of speech|word classes]]: [[verb]]s, [[noun]]s, [[adjective]]s, and [[adverb]]s. These are "open" classes, in the sense that they readily accept new members, by [[neologism|coinage]], [[loanword|borrowing]], or [[compound word|compounding]]. [[Interjection]]s form a smaller open class.
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===Subject, object, and complement===
Following the general Indo-European pattern, the central element of almost any Portuguese clause is a verb, which may directly connect to one, two, or (rarely) three nouns (or noun-like phrases), called the [[Subject (grammar)|subject]], the object (more specifically, the [[Object (grammar)#Types
:(1) ''{A Maria}<sub>S</sub> {ama}<sub>V</sub> {o Paulo}<sub>O</sub>'', "Maria loves Paulo."
:(2) ''{O pedreiro}<sub>S</sub> {construiu}<sub>V</sub> {a casa}<sub>O</sub>'', "The mason has constructed the house."
:(3) ''{O presidente}<sub>S</sub> {nomeou}<sub>V</sub> {Pedro}<sub>O</sub> {ministro}<sub>C</sub>'', "The president appointed Pedro (as) minister."
:(4) ''{Ela}<sub>S</sub> {achou}<sub>V</sub> {o livro}<sub>O</sub> {uma chatice}<sub>C</sub>'', "She found the book a bore."
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===Null subject language===
Portuguese is a [[null subject language]],
In Portuguese, the [[grammatical person]] of the subject is generally reflected by the inflection of the verb. Sometimes, though an explicit subject is not necessary to form a grammatically correct sentence, one may be stated in order to emphasize its importance. Some sentences, however, do not allow a subject at all and in some other cases an explicit subject would sound awkward or unnatural:
*"I'm going home" can be translated either as ''
*"It's raining" is ''
As in other null subject [[Agent–verb–object|SVO
*''Existem muitos ratos aqui!'' ("There are many mice here")
*''Quem é que foi?
*''Ela não comeu o bolo, mas
==Types of sentences==
Portuguese declarative sentences, as in many languages, are the least marked ones.
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Wh-questions often start with ''quem'' ("who"), ''o que'' ("what"), ''qual'' ("which"), ''onde'' ("where"), ''aonde'' ("where... to"), ''quando'' ("when"), ''por que'' ("why"), etc. The interrogative pronouns ''quem'', ''o que'' and ''qual'' can be preceded by any preposition, but in this case ''o que'' will usually be reduced to ''que''. Frequently in oral language, and occasionally in writing, these words are followed by the interrogative device ''é que'' (literally, "is [it] that"; compare [[French grammar|French]] ''est-ce que'' in wh-questions).
<br>Wh-questions sometimes occur without [[wh-movement]], that is, wh-words can remain ''[[in situ#Linguistics|in situ]]''. In this case, ''o que'' and ''por que'' are replaced by their [[Stress (linguistics)|stressed]] counterparts ''o quê'' and ''por quê''.
For example:
:''O que/Que é que ela fez?'' or ''O que/que fez ela?''
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:''Ela fez o quê?''
::"What did she do?" or, if emphatic, "She did ''what''?"
::"Why?"
:''Em que dia é que isso aconteceu?''
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===Replying===
''Não'' ("no") is the natural negative [[answer (response)|answer]] to yes/no questions. As in [[Latin grammar|Latin]], positive answers are usually made with the inflected verb of the question in the appropriate person and number. Portuguese is one of the few Romance languages keeping this Latin peculiarity. The adverbs ''já'' ("already"), ''ainda'' ("yet"), and ''também'' ("too", "also") are used when one of them appears in the question.
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::Q: "Did you like the movie?" A: "Yes.", literally, "I liked." / "No."
:Q: '''''Eu não tinha deixado aqui uma chave?''''' A: '''''Tinhas!'''''
::Q: "Didn't I leave
:Q: '''''Já leste este livro?''''' A: '''''Já.''''' / '''''Ainda não.'''''
::Q: "Have you already read this book?" A: "Yes", literally, "Already." / "Not yet."
The word ''sim'' ("yes") may be used for a positive answer, but, if used alone, it may in certain cases sound unnatural or [[politeness|impolite]]. In Brazilian Portuguese, ''sim'' can be used ''after'' the verb for [[Emphatic consonant|emphasis]]. In European Portuguese, emphasis in answers is added with the duplication of the verb. In both versions of Portuguese, emphasis can also result from syntactical processes that are not restricted to answers, such as the addition of adverbs like ''muito'' ("much") or ''muitíssimo'' ("very much").
It is also acceptable, though sometimes formal, to use ''yes'' before the verb of the question, separated by a pause or, in writing, a comma. The use of ''sim'' before the verb does ''not'' add emphasis, and may on the contrary be less assertive.
:Q: '''''Gostou do filme?''''' A: '''''Gostei, sim!'''''
::Q: "Did you like the movie?" A:"Yes, I did!"
:Q: '''''Gostaste do filme?''''' A: '''''Gostei, gostei!'''''
::Q: "Did you like the movie?" A:"
:Q: '''''Há comboios a esta hora?''''' A: '''''Há, há!'''''
::Q: "Are there any trains at this time?" A:"Yes, there are!"
:Q: '''''Ele gostou do filme?''''' A: '''''Sim, gostou...'''''
::Q:"Did he like the movie?" A:"
==Articles==
Portuguese has definite and indefinite articles, with different forms according to the gender and number of the noun to which they refer:
:{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|a
|os
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|''the''
|-
|um
|uns
|''a, an; some''
|}
The noun after the indefinite article may be elided, in which case the article is equivalent to English "one" (if singular) or "
==Nouns==
Nouns are classified into two [[grammatical gender]]s ("masculine" and "feminine") and are inflected for [[grammatical number]] (singular or [[plural]]). [[Adjective]]s and [[determiner]]s ([[article (grammar)|article]]s, [[demonstrative]]s, [[possessive determiner|possessives]], and [[quantifier (linguistics)|quantifiers]]) must be inflected to [[Agreement (linguistics)|agree]] with the noun in gender and number. Many nouns can take [[diminutive]] or [[augmentative]] suffixes to express size, endearment, or deprecation.
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===Gender and number===
Most [[adjective]]s and [[demonstrative]]s, and all articles must be inflected according to the [[Grammatical gender|gender]] and [[Grammatical number|number]] of the noun they reference:
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The agreement rules apply also to adjectives used with [[copula (linguistics)|copula]]s, e.g. ''o carro é branco'' ("the car is white") vs. ''a casa é branca'' ("the house is white").
====Gender determination====
In many cases, the gender and number of a noun can be deduced from its ending: the basic pattern is "''-o''" / "''-os''" for masculine singular and plural, "''-a''" / "''-as''" for feminine. So, ''casa'' ("house"), ''mala'' ("suitcase"), ''pedra'' ("stone"), and ''inteligência'' ("intelligence") are feminine, while ''carro'' ("car"), ''saco'' ("bag"), ''tijolo'' ("brick"), and ''aborrecimento'' ("annoyance") are masculine. However, the complete rules are quite complex: for instance, nouns ending in ''-ção'' are usually feminine, except for augmentatives like ''bração'' ("big arm"). And there are many irregular exceptions. For words ending in other letters, there are few rules: ''flor'' ("flower"), ''gente'' ("folk"), ''nau'' ("ship"), ''maré'' ("tide") are feminine, while ''amor'' ("love"), ''pente'' ("comb"), ''pau'' ("stick"), ''café'' ("coffee") are masculine.
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===Diminutives and augmentatives===
The most common diminutive endings are ''-inho'' and ''-inha'', replacing ''-o'' and ''-a'', respectively. Words with the [[Stress (linguistics)|stress]] on the last [[syllable]] generally have ''-zinho'' or ''-zinha'' added, such as ''café'' "coffee" and ''cafezinho'' "coffee served as a show of hospitality". In writing, a ''c'' (but not a ''ç'') becomes ''qu'' in some words, like ''pouco'' ("few") and ''pouquinho'' ("very few"), in order to preserve the [k] pronunciation.
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==Adjectives==
Adjectives normally follow the nouns that they [[Grammatical modifier|modify]]. Thus "white house" is ''casa branca'', and "green fields" is ''campos verdes''; the reverse order (''branca casa'', ''verdes campos'') is generally limited to poetic language.
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Adjectives are routinely inflected for gender and number, according to a few basic patterns, much like those for nouns, as in the following table:
:{| class="wikitable"
| | ''branco'' || ''branca''|| ''brancos'' || ''brancas'' || "white"
| | ''francês'' || ''francesa'' || ''franceses'' || ''francesas'' || "French"
| | ''motor'' || ''motriz'' || ''motores'' || ''motrizes'' || "motorised"
| | ''grandão'' || ''grandona'' || ''grandões'' || ''grandonas'' || "rather big"
| | ''conservador'' || ''conservadora'' || ''conservadores'' || ''conservadoras'' || "conservative"
| | ''europeu'' || ''europeia'' || ''europeus'' || ''europeias'' || "European"
|}
|}
The adjectives for "good" and "bad" are irregular:
| | ''bom'' || ''boa''|| ''bons'' || ''boas'' || "good"
| | ''mau'' || ''má'' || ''maus'' || ''más'' || "bad"
|}
[[Comparison (grammar)|Comparison]] of adjectives is regularly expressed in [[Analytic language|analytic]] form using the adverb ''mais'': ''mais alto (do) que'' = "higher than", ''o mais alto'' "the highest". Most adjectives have—in addition to their positive, [[comparative]], and [[superlative]] forms—a so-called [[Superlative#Romance languages|"absolute superlative"]] form (sometimes called "elative"), which enhances the meaning of the adjective without explicitly comparing it (''lindo'', "beautiful"; ''muito lindo'' or ''lindíssimo'', "very beautiful"), it can appear in both analytic or synthetic form.
:{| class="wikitable"
! Positive
! Comparative
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! Analytic absolute superlative
! Synthetic absolute superlative
| | ''belo'' "pretty" || ''mais belo'' "prettier"|| ''o mais belo'' "the prettiest"|| ''muito belo'' "very pretty|| ''belíssimo'' "very pretty"
| | ''caro'' "expensive" || ''mais caro'' "more expensive"|| ''o mais caro'' "the most expensive"|| ''muito caro'' "very expensive"|| ''caríssimo'' "very expensive"
|}
A few adjectives (besides ''mais'' itself) have [[suppletion|suppletive]] comparative/superlative forms:
:{| class="wikitable"
! Positive
! Comparative
! Superlative
| | ''bom'' "good" || ''melhor'' "better"|| ''ótimo'' "very good"|| ''o melhor'' "the best"
| | ''mau'' "bad" || ''pior'' "worse"|| ''péssimo'' "very bad"|| ''o pior'' "the worst"
| | ''pequeno'' "small" || ''menor'' "smaller"|| ''mínimo'' "very small"|| ''o menor'' "the smallest"
| | ''grande'' "big" || ''maior'' "bigger"|| ''máximo'' "very big"|| ''o maior'' "the biggest"
|}
==Prepositions==
Simple prepositions consist of a single word, while compound prepositions are formed by a phrase.
{| border="0"
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|}
|}
Portuguese generally uses ''de'' ("of") to indicate possession.
Several prepositions form [[contraction (grammar)|contractions]] with the definite article.
:{| class="wikitable"
|-
| ''o''
|''a''
| ''os''
|''as''
|-
|''de''
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| da
| dos
|das
|-
| ''em''
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| pela
| pelos
|pelas
|-
| ''a''
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| à
| aos
|às
|-
|}
:<small><sup>1</sup> Contractions with ''para'' are colloquial only.</small>
The contractions with ''de'', ''em'', ''por'', and ''a'' are mandatory in all registers. The grave accent in ''à / às'' has phonetic value in Portugal and African countries, but not in Brazil (see [[Portuguese phonology]]). In Brazil, the grave accent serves only to indicate the [[crasis]] in written text. The contractions with ''para'' are common in speech, but not used in formal writing. They may, however, appear when transcribing colloquial speech, for example in comic books.
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These two prepositions may also contract with the indefinite article:
These contractions with the indefinite article are common in the spoken language, formal or informal, and are also acceptable in formal writing in Portugal. In Brazil, they are generally avoided in writing, especially those of the preposition ''de''.
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:"I went, even though the shop was closed."
==Personal pronouns and possessives==
Pronouns are often inflected for gender and number, although many have irregular inflections.
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[[Possessive pronoun]]s are identical to [[possessive adjective]]s. They are inflected to [[agreement (linguistics)|agree]] with the gender of the possessed being or object.
===
[[Demonstrative]]s have the same three-way distinction as place adverbs:
:''este lápis''
:''esse lápis''
:''aquele lápis''
In colloquial Brazilian Portuguese, ''esse'' is often used interchangeably with ''este'' when there is no need to make a distinction. This distinction is usually only made in formal writing or by people with more formal education, or simply to emphasize the fact that it is near, as in ''esta sexta!'' ("next Friday!").
The demonstratives, like the articles, form [[Contraction (grammar)|contractions]] with certain preceding prepositions: ''de'' + ''este'' = ''deste'' ("of this"), ''de'' + ''esse'' = ''desse'' ("of that"), ''em'' + ''aquilo'' = ''naquilo'' ("in that thing"), ''a'' + ''aquela'' = ''àquela'' ("to that").
Demonstrative adjectives are identical to demonstrative pronouns: e.g. ''aquele carro'' "that car", and ''aquele'' "that one."
==Indefinite pronouns==
The indefinite pronouns ''todo, toda, todos, todas'' are followed by the definite article when they mean "the whole". Otherwise, articles and indefinite pronouns are mutually exclusive within a noun phrase.
In the demonstratives and in some indefinite pronouns, there is a trace of the [[Grammatical gender#Indo-European languages|neuter gender]] of Latin. For example, ''todo'' and ''esse'' are used with masculine [[referent]]s, ''toda'' and ''essa'' with feminine ones, and ''tudo'' and ''isso'' when there is no definite referent. Thus ''todo livro'' "every book" and ''todo o livro'' "the whole book"; ''toda salada'' "every salad" and ''toda a salada'' "the whole salad"; and ''tudo'' "everything"; etc.:
| | "this", "these" || ''este'' || ''esta'' || ''estes'' || ''estas'' || ''isto'' ("this thing", "this idea")
| | "that", "those" (near) || ''esse'' || ''essa'' || ''esses'' || ''essas'' || ''isso'' ("that thing", "that idea")
| | "that", "those" (far) || ''aquele'' || ''aquela'' || ''aqueles'' || ''aquelas'' || ''aquilo'' ("that thing", "that idea")
| | "some" || ''algum'' || ''alguma'' || ''alguns'' || ''algumas'' || ''algo'' ("something")
| | "
| | "every", "all" || ''todo'' || ''toda'' || ''todos'' || ''todas'' || ''tudo'' ("everything")
|}
:<small><sup>1</sup> For purposes of [[Agreement (linguistics)|agreement]], these neuter pronouns take masculine modifiers (except for ''tudo isto'', ''tudo isso'', and ''tudo aquilo'').</small>
==Verbs==
Portuguese verbs are usually [[inflection|inflected]] to agree with the [[Subject (grammar)|subject's]] [[grammatical person]] (with three values, '''1''' = I/we, '''2''' = thou/you, '''3''' = he/she/it/they) and grammatical number (singular or plural), and to express various attributes of the action, such as time (past, present, future); [[Grammatical aspect|aspect]] (completed, interrupted, or continuing); [[subordination (linguistics)|subordination]] and [[conditionality]]; command; and more. As a consequence, a regular Portuguese verb stem can take over 50 distinct suffixes. (For comparison, regular verbs have about 40 distinct forms in Italian and about 30 in modern French.)
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====Change of adjective meaning====
*''Estou tonta'' = "I'm dizzy"
*''Sou tonta'' = "I'm silly"
*''É sujo'' = "It's dirty" (i.e. "It's a dirty place"
*''Está sujo'' = "It's dirty" (i.e. "(right now) The place is dirty"
*''É aberta'' = "She's open" (i.e. "She's an open sort of person"
*''Está aberta'' = "It's open" (probably referring to a door or window
*''Ele é triste'' = "He is sad" (i.e. gloomy
*''(Ele) Está triste'' = "He is sad" (i.e. feeling down
*''Como és?''
*''Como estás?''
With adjectives of appearance ("beautiful", etc.), ''ser'' means "to be", and ''estar'' means "to look".
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===Infinitive form===
The [[infinitive]] is used, as in English, as a nominal expression of an action or state at an unspecified time, and possibly with an indefinite or implicit subject, e.g. ''queremos cantar'' ("we would like to sing"), ''cantar é agradável'' (lit. "to sing is pleasant"). Many of its uses would be translated into English by the "-ing" nominal form, e.g. ''mesa para cortar'' ("cutting table"), ''cantar é bom'' ("singing is good"), ''trabalhe sem parar'' ("work without pausing").
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:'''''Estou lendo.'''''
:: "I am reading." (Brazilian Portuguese)
:'''''Estou a ler.'''''
::"I am reading." (European Portuguese)
:'''''Estavam dormindo.'''''
::"They were sleeping." (Brazilian Portuguese)
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::"They were sleeping." (European Portuguese)
The gerund "''-ndo''" form is still correct in European Portuguese and it is used colloquially in the [[Alentejo]] region, but relatively rare (although its adverbial uses and the other participle forms are not uncommon). On the other hand, the "''a'' + infinitive" form is virtually nonexistent in Brazil, and considered
A distinctive trait of Portuguese grammar (shared with Galician and [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]]) is the existence of infinitive verb forms inflected according to the person and number of the subject:
:''É melhor voltar'', "It is better to go back" (impersonal)
:''É melhor voltares'', "It is better that you go back"
:''É melhor voltarmos'', "It is better that we go back"
Depending on the context and intended sense, the personal infinitive may be forbidden, required, or optional.
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===Conjugation classes===
All Portuguese verbs in their infinitive form end in the letter ''r''. Verbs are divided into three main conjugation classes according to the vowel in their infinitive ending:
* First conjugation: ''-ar''
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| ''descompor'' "to disarrange, disturb"
|-
| ''depor'' "to set aside; to depose (as a ruler)"
|-
| ''dispor (de)'' "to have at one’s disposal"
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|}
|}
The unprefixed ''pôr'' has the circumflex accent to distinguish it from the preposition ''por''.
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Each conjugation class has its own distinctive set of some 50 inflectional suffixes: ''cant/ar'' → ''cant/ou'' ("he sang"), ''vend/er'' → ''vend/eu'' ("he sold"), ''part/ir'' → ''part/iu'' ("he left"). Some suffixes undergo various regular adjustments depending on the final consonant of the stem, either in pronunciation, in spelling, or in both. Some verbal inflections also entail a shift in syllable stress: '' 'canto'' ("I sing"), ''can'tamos'' ("we sing"), ''canta'rei'' ("I will sing"). See [[Portuguese verb conjugation]].
Verbs with some irregular inflections number in the hundreds, with a few dozen of them being in common use. Some of the most frequent verbs are among the most irregular, including the auxiliaries ''ser'' ("to be"), ''haver'' ("there to be" or "to have"), ''ter'' ("to possess", "to have", "there to be"
===Gerund and participle forms===
The gerund form of a verb always ends with ''-ndo''. It is used to make compound tenses expressing continuing action, e.g. ''ele está cantando'' ("he is singing"), ''ele estava cantando'' ("he was singing"); or as an adverb, e.g. ''ele trabalha cantando'' ("he works while singing"). It is never inflected for person or number.
In European Portuguese, the gerund is often replaced by the [[Portuguese grammar#Infinitive form|infinitive]] (preceded by "''a''") when used to express continuing action.
The participle of regular verbs is used in compound verb tenses, as in ''ele
===Synthetic moods and tenses===
Grammarians usually classify the verbal inflections (i.e. the [[synthetic language|synthetic]] verb forms) into the following [[grammatical mood|moods]], [[grammatical tense|tense]]s, and [[non-finite verb|non-finite forms]]:<!--PLEASE CHECK AND CORRECT-->
*[[indicative mood]], used in the main [[clause]]s of [[declarative sentence]]s:
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*[[subjunctive mood]] used in certain subordinate clauses:
**present subjunctive: ''que cantemos'', "that we sing"
**preterite subjunctive: ''se cantássemos'', "if we sang
**future subjunctive: ''se cantarmos'', "if we sing/should sing"
*[[imperative mood]]: used to express a command, advice, encouragement, etc.:
**positive: ''canta!'' "sing!"
**negative: ''não cantes!
*verbals
**[[infinitive]]s:
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The conditional tense is usually called "future of the past" in Brazilian grammars, whereas in Portugal it is usually classified as a separate "conditional mood". Portuguese grammarians call subjunctive "conjuntivo"; Brazilians call it "subjuntivo".
Note that the synthetic future and conditional have largely disappeared from
In regular verbs, the personal infinitive is identical to the subjunctive future tense; but they are different in irregular verbs: ''quando formos'' ("when we go", subjunctive) versus ''é melhor irmos'' ("it is better that we go").
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===Compound forms===
Portuguese has many compound verb tenses, consisting of an auxiliary verb (inflected in any of the above forms) combined with the gerund, participle or infinitive of the principal verb.
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Tenses with ''ter''/''haver'' + past participle (compound tenses):
* Preterite perfect indicative
* Pluperfect indicative
* Anterior pluperfect indicative
* Future perfect indicative
* Conditional perfect
* Preterite perfect subjunctive
* Pluperfect subjunctive
* Future perfect subjunctive
* Personal perfect infinitive
With no inflection:
* Impersonal perfect infinitive
* Perfect gerund
====Compound vs. simple pluperfect====
====Preterite vs. present perfect====
The simple past (or ''pretérito perfeito simples'' in Portuguese) is widely used, sometimes corresponding to the present perfect of English (this happens in many dialects of American Spanish, too).
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====Progressive tenses====
:''estou falando'' or ''estou a falar'' ("I am speaking")
:''estava falando/ a falar'' ([[Perfective aspect|imperfective]]: "I was speaking" [at the moment])
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====Other compound tenses====
Tenses with ''ir'' + infinitive
:''vamos falar'' ("we will speak", "we are going to speak")
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:''iríamos falar'' ("we would speak", "we would be going to speak")
In spoken
Tenses with multiple auxiliaries:
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===Passive voice===
An active clause with a transitive verb and direct object can be transformed into a [[grammatical voice|passive]] clause much the same as is done in English: the original object becomes the subject; the verb is replaced by ''ser'' (in the same mood and tense) followed by the past participle of the original verb; and the original subject may become an adverbial complement with the preposition ''por'' ("by"):
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:''A ária será cantada por aquela senhora'' ("The aria will be sung by that lady")
:''Se você cantasse a
:''Se a ária fosse cantada por você, ele ficaria'' ("If the aria were to be sung by you, he would stay")
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===Subjunctive mood===
* The present subjunctive is used in clauses, often introduced with ''que'' ("that"), which express generally non-assertive notions, such as wishes, orders, possibilities, etc.:<!--THIS MAY NOT BE AN ACCURATE DESCRIPTION!-->
::''quero que cante'', "I want her/him to sing"
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::''esperávamos que cantasse'' ("we hoped that he would sing")
::''eu mandei que cantassem'' ("I ordered them to sing")
*The future subjunctive is an uncommon feature among Indo-European languages. It is used in adverbial subordinate clauses, usually introduced by ''se'' ("if") or ''quando'' ("when"), or in adjectival subordinate clauses that express a neutral or expected condition for a present- or future-tense main clause:<!--THIS MAY NOT BE AN ACCURATE DESCRIPTION!-->
::''se cantarmos, seremos pagos'' ("If we (should) sing, we will be paid")
::''se cantarmos, ele fica'' ("If we (should) sing, he stays")
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===Verbal derivatives===
Portuguese has many adjectives that consist of a verbal stem plus an ending in ''-nte'', which are applied to nouns that perform the action of the verb; e.g. ''dançar'' ("to dance") ~ ''areia dançante'' ("dancing sand"), ''ferver'' ("to boil") ~ ''água fervente'' ("boiling water").
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The latter rule is quite productive, to the point that the pervasive ''-ção'' ending (derived from Latin ''-tione'') is a visually striking feature of written Portuguese.
===
{{cite journal
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</ref>
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==See also==
*[[Portuguese personal pronouns]]
*[[Portuguese verb conjugation]]
*[[Subjunctive mood]]
*[[Differences between Spanish and Portuguese]]
*[[b:en:Portuguese/Contents/Variation of the Portuguese Verbs|Wikibooks: Variation of the Portuguese Verbs]]
{{div col end}}
==Notes==
{{
==References==
{{
|year= 2013
|title= Portuguese Pronouns and Other Forms of Address, from the Past into the
|journal= Ellipsis
|volume= 11
|pages= 267–290
}}
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* {{cite book |title=Portuguese: An Essential Grammar |first=Amelia P. |last=Hutchinson |year=2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0415308178}}
* [http://
{{Romance grammars}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Portuguese Grammar}}
[[Category:
[[Category:Portuguese
| |||