Phylogenetic autocorrelation: Difference between revisions

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{{short description|Problem of drawing inferences from cross-cultural data}}
'''Galton's problem''', named after Sir [[Francis Galton]], is the problem of drawing inferences from [[Cross-cultural studies|cross-cultural]] data, due to the statistical phenomenon now called [[autocorrelation]]. The problem is now recognized as a general one that applies to all nonexperimental studies and to [[experimental design]] as well. It is most simply described as the problem of external dependencies in making statistical estimates when the elements sampled are not [[statistical independence|statistically independent]].
Asking two people in the same household whether they watch TV, for example, does not give you statistically independent answers. The sample size, ''n'', for independent observations in this case is one, not two. Once proper adjustments are made that deal with external dependencies, then the axioms of probability theory concerning statistical independence will apply. These axioms are important for deriving measures of [[variance]], for example, or tests of [[statistical significance]].