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=== Early history ===
Restrictions on behavior existed in all prehistoric societies.{{sfn|Roth|2014|p=18}} Crime in early human society was seen as a personal transgression and was addressed by the community as a whole rather than through a formal legal system,{{sfn|Roth|2014|p=9}} often through the use of custom, religion, or the rule of a tribal leader.{{sfn|Roth|2014|p=46}} Some of the oldest extant writings are ancient [[Criminal code|criminal codes]].{{sfn|Roth|2014|p=9}} The earliest known criminal code was the [[Code of Ur-Nammu]] ({{c.|lk=no|2100|2050 BC}}),{{
The [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] systematized law and applied their system across the [[Roman Empire]]. The initial rules of [[Roman law]] regarded assaults as a matter of private compensation. The most significant Roman law concept involved ''dominion''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Daube, David. |title=Roman law: linguistic, social and philosophical aspects. |date=1969 |publisher=Edinburgh U.P |isbn=0852240511 |location=Edinburgh |oclc=22054}}</ref> Most acts recognized as crimes in ancient societies, such as violence and theft, have persisted to the modern era.{{sfn|Roth|2014|p=42}} The criminal justice system of Imperial China existed unbroken for over 2,000 years.{{sfn|Roth|2014|p=36}}
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