Steering wheel: Difference between revisions

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[[File:2011 Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK2 MY11) Limited 4WD wagon (2011-03-31).jpg|thumb|right|A [[Right- and left-hand traffic|RHD mounted]] three-spoke wheel with [[airbag]], as well as [[Vehicle audio|audio]] and [[cruise control]] buttons]]
 
Steering wheels for passenger automobiles are generally circular. They are mounted to the [[steering column]] by a hub connected to the outer ring of the steering wheel by one or more [[spoke]]s (single spoke wheels being a relatively rare exception). Other types of vehicles may use a modified circular design, a butterfly shape, or some other shape, such as a yoke.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2021/11/13/tesla-model-s-steering-wheel-yoke-toyota-bz-4-x/6195652001/?gnt-cfr=1&gca-cat=p |title=Does the steering wheel need to be round? Tesla's Elon Musk introduces new yoke-shaped wheel |date=13 November 2021 |first=Nathan |last=Bomey |work=USA Today |access-date=23 June 2024}}</ref> On some Tesla models, the steering control is through a yoke rectangle shaped with rounded edges and two pistol grips.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.motortrend.com/reviews/2022-tesla-model-s-plaid-steering-yoke-wheel-review/ |title=2022 Tesla Model S Plaid Steering Yoke Review: The Pros and Cons |date=29 June 2021 |first=Christian |last=Seabaugh |work=Motor Trend |access-date=23 June 2024}}</ref> The C8 Corvette includes a square-type steering wheel with rounded corners, described as a 'squircle'.<ref name="Rastogi"/> The objective of the flat bottom is to ease diver egress while the flattened top enhances the line of sight when driving.<ref name="Rastogi">{{cite web|url= https://www.hotcars.com/chevrolet-c8-corvette-stingrays-biggest-flaw/ |title=Why The Chevrolet C8 Corvette Stingray’s Biggest Flaw Is Also Its Biggest Advantage |first=Simran |last=Rastogi |date=29 June 2023 |website=hotcars.com |access-date=23 June 2024}}</ref> General Motors applied for a U.S. patent for a modular steering control that can be updated with components or changed in shape ranging from a traditional circle to a yoke.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://carbuzz.com/news/customizable-gm-steering-wheel-can-change-from-a-circle-to-a-yoke-and-everything-in-between/ |title=Customizable GM Steering Wheel Can Change From A Circle To A Yoke, And Everything In Between |first=Sebastian |last=Cenizo |date=1 March 2024 |website=carbuzz.com |access-date=23 June 2024}}</ref>
 
In [[Left- and right-hand traffic|countries where cars must drive on the left side of the road]], the steering wheel is typically on the right side of the car (right-hand drive or RHD); the converse applies in countries where cars drive on the right side of the road (left-hand drive or LHD).
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In addition to its use in steering, the steering wheel is the usual location for a button to activate the car's [[vehicle horn|horn]]. Modern automobiles may have other controls, such as [[cruise control]], audio system, and telephone controls, as well as [[Manumatic|paddle-shifters]], built into the steering wheel to minimize the extent to which the driver must take their hands off the wheel.
 
The steering wheels were rigid and mounted on non-collapsible [[steering column]]s. This arrangement increased the risk of [[Impalement|impaling]] the driver in case of a severe crash. The first collapsible steering column was invented in 1934 but was never successfully marketed.<ref>{{cite magazine|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=aCgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA32&dq=steering+wheel+folds+in+crash&hl=en |page=32 |title=Steering Wheel Folds in Crash |magazine=Popular Science |date=November 1934 |volume=125 |issue=5 |via=Google Books |access-date=23 June 2024}}</ref> By 1956, Ford came out with a safety steering wheel that was set high above the post with spokes that would flex,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Ford/1956%20Ford/1956_Ford_Fairlane_Brochure/1956%20Ford%20Fairlane-06.html |title=1956 Ford Fairlane brochure |page=6 |website=Oldcarbrochures.com |access-date=27 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121129110706/http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Ford/1956%20Ford/1956_Ford_Fairlane_Brochure/1956%20Ford%20Fairlane-06.html |archive-date=29 November 2012}}</ref> but the column was still rigid. In 1968, United States regulations ([[FMVSS]] Standard No. 204) were implemented concerning the acceptable rearward movement of the steering wheel in case of a crash.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nhtsa.gov/cars/rules/import/FMVSS/#SN204 |title=Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and Regulations |website=Nhtsa.dot.gov |access-date=20 March 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140529033515/http://www.nhtsa.gov/cars/rules/import/fmvss/#SN204 |archive-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> Collapsible steering columns were required to meet that standard. Before this invention, the [[Citroën DS]] incorporated a curved and off-center single-spoke steering wheel designed to deflect the driver from the steering column in case of a crash.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Torchinsky |first1=Jason |title=These Are The Reasons Why Citroën Used That Weird One-Spoke Steering Wheel |url= https://jalopnik.com/these-are-the-reasons-why-citroen-used-that-weird-one-s-1848304219 |access-date=6 January 2022 |work=Jalopnik |date=4 January 2022}}</ref>
 
[[Power steering]] affords the driver reduced effort to steer the car. Modern power steering has almost universally relied on a hydraulic system, although [[Electric Power Steering|electrical systems]] are steadily replacing this technology. Mechanical power steering systems were introduced, such as on 1953 [[Studebaker]]s.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Griswold |first=Wesley S. |title=Engine Helps Steer '53 Studebaker |magazine=Popular Science |date=February 1953 |volume=162 |issue=2 |pages=114–117, 244 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2C0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA114}}</ref> However, hydraulically assisted systems have prevailed.
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===Tilt-away steering wheel===
A tilt-away wheel was introduced by [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] in 1967 after updates to [[Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards]] requirements. Though it was an update to the swing-away steering wheel, which did not meet updated safety standards, it offers limited movement but added convenience due to the automatic pop-over function over its predecessor.<ref>{{cite web|last1=King |first1=Matthew |title=Types of Adjustable Steering Wheels |url= https://fssteeringwheels.com/blogs/news/types-of-adjustable-steering-wheels |website=Forever Sharp Steering Wheels |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180505150227/https://fssteeringwheels.com/blogs/news/types-of-adjustable-steering-wheels |archive-date=5 May 2018}}</ref>
 
===Quick release hub steering wheel===