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Nests produced by females of better condition often have sex ratios skewed towards high quality males. A 2000 study hypothesized this to be because males have more variable reproductive success, and therefore that a high quality male produces more offspring than a female of similar quality.<ref name="WhittinghamDunn2000">{{cite journal|last1=Whittingham|first1=Linda A.|last2=Dunn|first2=Peter O.|title=Offspring sex ratios in tree swallows: females in better condition produce more sons|journal=Molecular Ecology|volume=9|issue=8|year=2000|pages=1123–1129|issn=0962-1083|doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00980.x|pmid=10964231}}</ref>
The growth of nestling tree swallows is influenced by their environment. In both younger and older nestlings (those between two and four days old and between nine and eleven days, respectively) growth is positively influenced by a higher maximum temperature, particularly in the former. A later hatching date negatively impacts growth, especially for younger nestlings. Older chicks grow somewhat faster when insects are abundant. Growth in younger nestlings increases with age, while in old nestlings, it decreases as they get older.<ref name="McCartyWinkler2008">{{cite journal|last1=McCarty|first1=John P.|last2=Winkler|first2=David W.|title=Relative importance of environmental variables in determining the growth of nestling tree swallows ''Tachycineta bicolor''|journal=Ibis|volume=141|issue=2|year=2008|pages=286–296|issn=0019-1019|doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1999.tb07551.x}}</ref>
===Feeding===
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