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{{further information|List of United States cities by population density}}
{{see|List of United States cities by foreign-born population}}
With a combined population of approximately 683,470 (2015 estimate) the Hudson Waterfront, if incorporated into a single city, would be the [[List of United States cities by population|nineteenth most populous in the country]] with one of the smallest land areas of {{convert|35.7|sqmi|km2}}. Its communities have some of the [[List of United States cities by population density|highest residential densities in the United States]]. Of municipalities in the United States over 50,000 people, Union City is the most densely populated.<ref>[http://www.demographia.com/db-2000city50kdens.htm 2000 Census: US Municipalities Over 50,000: Ranked by 2000 Density], accessed March 22, 2007</ref> Guttenberg, although one of the smallest municipalities, stretching from 68th Street to 71st Street at {{convert|128|acre|km2}}, is the most densely populated "town" in the country.<ref name=Most>[http://www.hudsonreporter.com/site/news.cfm?BRD=1291&dept_id=523585&newsid=17118972&PAG=461&rfi=9 Most liquor licenses? Bumpiest town? Local municipalities hold unusual distinctions], ''[[Hudson Reporter]]'', August 27, 2006</ref> Many others are on the [[List of United States cities by population density|list of most densely populated places in the United States]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2017/02/the_10_most_cramped_towns_in_new_jersey.html|title=The 10 most cramped towns in New Jersey|author=|date=February 2017|website=NJ.com|access-date=October 23, 2017}}</ref>
The region is very ethnically diverse. Jersey City is the twenty-first most racially diverse city in the United States and the most racially diverse on the [[East Coast of the United States]].<ref>[http://www.city-data.com/top35.html Top 100 Most Racially Diverse Cities (pop. 5,000+)], accessed February 25, 2007</ref> Six municipalities are on the list of the 100 cities (with a population over 5,000) with the highest percent of foreign-born residents: West New York (65.2%), Union City (58.7%), Palisades Park (57.0%) Guttenberg (48.7%), Fairview (48.4%) and Fort Lee (44.7%).<ref>[http://www.city-data.com/top11.html Top 100 Cities with Highest Percentage of Foreign-Born Residents (pop. 5000+)], accessed February 25, 2007</ref>
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Before the 17th century the region was populated by the [[Hackensack Indians|Hackensack]] and [[Tappan (Native Americans)|Tappan]], [[phratry|phratries]] of the [[Lenni-Lenape]], an [[Algonquian peoples|Algonquian]] people, who maintained semi-permanent and seasonal campsites<ref>Ruttenber,E.M.,Indian Tribes of Hudson's River, {{ISBN|0-910746-98-2}} (Hope Farm Press, 3rd ed, 2001)</ref> throughout the diverse landscape. They are recalled throughout the region in countless places names. In 1609, [[Henry Hudson]] captained a sailing expedition for the [[Dutch West India Company]] which led to the establishment of the Dutch provincial colony of [[New Netherland]], with its capital at [[New Amsterdam]]. During that exploration he laid anchor in the [[Upper New York Bay]] and [[Weehawken Cove]]s. In 1630, land along the west bank of the river which bears his name was acquired and called [[Pavonia, New Netherland|Pavonia]]. Clusters of settlements were located at [[Communipaw]], [[Harsimus]], and [[Paulus Hook]], and later at [[Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken]], [[Pamrapo]], [[Caven Point|Kewan]]/ [[Minkakwa]], and [[Vriessendael]]. Some of the communities were compromised in conflicts with the indigenous population known as [[Kieft's War]] and the [[Peach Tree War]]. [[Director-General of New Netherland]] [[Peter Stuyvesant]] granted a charter in 1660 for a village at [[Bergen Square]], considered the first autonoumous municipality in New Jersey.
In 1664, four English frigates entered the [[Upper New York Bay]], demanded, and peacefully received, control of [[Fort Amsterdam]], and by extension, all of New Netherland.<ref>Russell Shorto, '''The Island at the Center of the World: The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony that Shaped America''' {{ISBN|0-385-50349-0}} (New York, Doubleday, 2004).</ref> [[Bergen, New Netherland]] thus became part of the [[Province of New Jersey]]. In 1668, a charter was granted for the "Towne and Corporation of Bergen".<ref name=autogenerated4>{{cite web|url=http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~njhudson/genhistory_hudson_bergen_2.html |title=Hudson Co. NJ — History — Formation of Bergen and Hudson Counties |publisher=Rootsweb.ancestry.com |date= |accessdate=2008-11-01}}</ref> In 1683, [[East Jersey]] was divided into four counties, the waterfront region keeping the name given by the [[New Netherlander]]s. [[Bergen County, New Jersey|Bergen]] encompassed the land between the [[North River (Hudson River)|North River]] and [[Hackensack River]] from [[Bergen Point, New Jersey|Bergen Point]] north to the ambiguous [[New York-New Jersey Line War|New York-New Jersey state line]] For much of the 18th century the villages remained essentially agricultural and fishing communities, supplying the growing city of [[New York City|New York]] across the river, using ferries including those at [[Communipaw]], [[Paulus Hook]], [[Weehawken]], [[Bulls Ferry]] and [[Burdett's Landing]]. It was during the colonial period that [[Newark Plank Road]], [[Hackensack Plank Road]] and [[Paterson Plank Road]], thoroughfares from the waterfront across the [[New Jersey Meadowlands|Meadowlands]], were laid, and the area of the [[English Neighborhood]] was settled. In the [[American Revolutionary War]] the [[New York Harbor]] was under British control after Washington ordered the retreat from [[Battle of Fort Lee|Fort Lee]], though he gave instructions to "go to the Bergen heights, Weehawk, Hoebuck or other heights to observe the motions of the enemy's shipping" and gather any other possible intelligence. The attack of British garrsion at [[Battle of Paulus Hook|Paulus Hook]] was seen as a victory for American forces. Urbanization of the area began in the early 19th century with [[Downtown Jersey City|City of Jersey]] and the development of [[Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken]], [[Weehawken]], and [[Edgewater, New Jersey|Edgewater]] as summer resorts. While some districts were laid out in urban grid, others developed more randomly following coach and ferry roads, or drives leading to larger estates or farms. Weehawken was the site for 18 known duels between 1700 and 1845, including that of the [[Burr-Hamilton duel]] in 1804.<ref>Demontreux, Willie. 2004. "[http://duel2004.weehawkenhistory.org/Duel2004%20Monument.pdf The Changing Face of the Hamilton Monument]." Weehawken Historical Commission</ref> In 1811, [[John Stevens (inventor)|Colonol John Stevens]]' ship the ''Juliana'', began operation as the first [[steam]]-powered [[ferry]] service was between [[Manhattan]] and [[Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken]], which can claim to be the [[Hoboken, New Jersey#Birthplace of baseball|birthplace of baseball]] The first officially recorded game of [[baseball]] in US history took place in Elysian Fields in 1846.<ref>*{{cite book |title=Early Innings: A Documentary History of Baseball, 1825–1908 |last=Sullivan |first=Dean |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1997 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |location= |isbn=0-8032-9244-9 |oclc=36258074}}</ref>
[[File:New York City Railroads ca 1900.png|right|thumb|Railroad terminals ca. 1900]]
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