United States passport: Difference between revisions

Passports are issued by national governments to facilitate international travel. United States passports are issued exclusively by the U.S. Department of State.^[1]

These passports, which are booklets, are valid for travel by Americans anywhere in the world. United States passports conform with recommended standards (i.e., size, composition, layout, technology) of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).

The Department of State also issues passport cards, which are valid for travel by Americans via land and sea (not air) between the United States and Canada, between the United States and Mexico, between the United States and Bermuda, and between the United States and Caribbean destinations:^[2] Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Jamaica (except for business travel), Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Turks and Caicos.^[3] Passport cards are not passports, because passport cards do not meet ICAO recommended standards for passport booklets.^[4]

Whichever the country of issuance, a passport proves the nationality of the bearer. A passport is connected with the right of a national of the country which issued the passport to consular assistance from the issuing county while the national is abroad, and with the right of the national to enter the country of which is a national. However, the right to assistance does not arise from a passport, nor does the right to enter. Each of the rights arises from nationality.

It follows that a United States passport proves the United States nationality of the bearer, and, consequently, his right to assistance from United States consular officials overseas or his right to return to the United States, as the case may be. If a citizen does not have a passport (e.g., because it was stolen), and he can prove his United States nationality by another means (e.g., by providing information about himself), he will be entitled to consular assistance as a citizen or to enter the United States as a citizen, lack of a passport notwithstanding.

American consular officials issued passports to some citizens of some of the thirteen states during the War for Independence (1775-1783). Passports were sheets of paper printed on one side, included a description of the bearer, and were valid for three to six months. The minister to France, Benjamin Franklin, based the design of passports issued by his mission on that of the French passport.^[5]

The Department of Foreign Affairs of the war period also issued passports, and the department, carried over by the Articles of Confederation government (1783-1789), continued to issue passports. In July, 1789, the Department of Foreign Affairs was carried over by the government established under the Constitution. In September of that year, the name of the department was changed to Department of State. The department handled foreign relations and issued passports, and, until the mid-nineteenth century, had various domestic duties.

For decades thereafter, passports were issued not only by the Department of State but also by states and cities, and by notaries public. Passports issued by American authorities other than the Department of State breached propriety and caused confusion abroad. Some European countries refused to recognize passports not issued by the Department of State, unless United States consular officials endorsed them. The problems led the Congress in 1856 to give to the Department of State sole authority to issue passports.^[6]

From 1776 to 1783, no state government had a passport requirement. The Articles of Confederation government did not have a passport requirement. From 1789 through late 1941, the government established under the Constitution required passports of citizens only during the American Civil War (1861-1865) and during United States involvement in World War I and for some time thereafter (August 8, 1918-March 3, 1921).^[7] The contemporary period of required passports for Americans, under United States law, began on November 29, 1941.

In Europe, general peace between the end of the Napoleonic Wars (1815) and the beginning of World War I (1914), and development of railroads, gave rise to international travel by large numbers of people. Passports were not usually required; there were limited wars which caused some exceptions. Repressive countries such as Czarist Russia and the Ottoman Empire maintained passport requirements. During World War I (1914-1918), European countries had passport requirements. After that war, many European countries retained their passport requirements. Foreign passport requirements undercut the absence of a passport requirement for Americans, under United States law, between 1921 and 1941. World War II (1939-1945) led to worldwide passport requirements, which were not abolished when that war ended.

Even when passports were not usually required, U.S. passports were requested by Americans. Records of the Department of State show that 130,360 passports were issued between 1810 and 1873, and that 369,844 passports were issued between 1877 and 1909. Some of those passports were family passports or group passports. A passport application could cover, variously, a wife, a child or children, one or more servants, or a female traveling under the protection of a man. The passport would be issued to the man. Similarly, a passport application could cover a child traveling with its mother. The passport would be issued to the mother. The number of Americans who traveled without passports is unknown.^[8]

The League of Nations held a conference in 1920 concerning passports and through-train travel, and conferences in 1926 and 1927 concerning passports. The 1920 conference put forward guidelines on the layout and features of passports, which the 1926 and 1927 conferences followed up. Those guidelines were steps in the shaping of contemporary passports. One of the guidelines was about 32-page passport booklets, such as the U.S. type III mentioned in this section, below. Another guideline was about languages in passports. See Languages, below.

A conference on travel and tourism held by the United Nations in 1963 did not result in standardised passports. Passport standardization was accomplished in 1980 under the auspices of the International Civil Aviation Organization.

The design and contents of U.S. passports changed over the years.^[9] For example, in 1926, the Department of State introduced the type III passport. This had a stiff red cover, with a window cutout through which the passport number was visible. That style of passport contained 32 pages.^[10] Illustration: cover -- above right.

Passports had green covers from 1941 until 1976, when the cover was changed to blue, as part of the U.S. bicentennial celebration. Illustration: cover -- above right. Green covers were again issued from April, 1993, until March, 1994, and included a special one-page tribute to Benjamin Franklin in commemoration of the 200th anniversary of the United States Consular Service.

In 1981, the United States became the first country to introduce machine-readable passports.^[11] In 2001, the Department of State started to issue passports with digital photos.

In fiscal year 2006, the Department of State issued 12,133,537 passports.^[12]

In early 2006, the Department of State began to issue biometric passports to diplomats and other officials.^[13] Later in 2006, biometric passports were issued to the public.^[14] Illustration: cover -- above right. Since August 2007, the department has issued only biometric passports. An issued non-biometric will remain valid until its stated date of expiration.^[15]

Within the Department of State, responsibility for passport issuance lies with Passport Services, a unit of the Bureau of Consular Affairs.

Passport Services has thirteen regional passport agencies and one Gateway City Agency in the United States, at which passport applications may be filed by citizens who intend to travel within two weeks of the application date, or who need to obtain visas before travelling. There are about 9,000 passport acceptance facilities in the United States, designated by Passport Services, at which routine passport applications may be filed. These facilities include United States courts, state courts, post offices, public libraries, county offices, and city offices.^[16]

An application for a United States passport made abroad is forwarded by a U.S. embassy or consulate to Passport Services for processing in the United States. The resulting passport is sent to the embassy or consulate for issuance to the applicant. An emergency passport is issuable by the embassy or consulate.

United States passports are issuable only to citizens and non-citizen nationals of the United States.^[17]

"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States . . .."^[18] Under this provision, "United States" means the 50 states and the District of Columbia, and, so, excludes a U.S. territory or possession.^[19]

By acts of Congress, persons born in Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands are United States citizens by birth.^[20] Other acts of Congress provide for acquisition of citizenship by persons born abroad.^[21]

Every citizen is a national of the United States. Not every national is a citizen. There is a small class of American Samoans, born in American Samoa, including Swains Island, who are nationals but not citizens of the United States.^[22] See Passport message, below.

United States law permits dual nationality.^[23] Consequently, having and using a foreign passport are permissible. When, however, a U.S. citizen uses a passport to leave or enter the United States, he is required to use a U.S. passport.^[24] This requirement extends to a U.S. citizen who is a dual national.^[25]

Regular (blue cover)

Issuable to all citizens and non-citizen nationals. Periods of validity: for those age 16 or over, generally ten years from the date of issue; for those 15 and younger, generally five years from the date of issue.^[26] Illustration: cover -- above right. A sub-type of regular passports is no-fee passports, issuable to citizens in specified categories for specified purposes. Examples: A U.S. government employee, for travel on official business; an American seaman, for travel connected with his duties aboard a U.S.-flag vessel. Period of validity: generally 5 years from the date of issue.^[27] A no-fee passport has an endorsement which prohibits its use for a purpose other than the specified purpose.

Official (maroon cover)

Issuable to citizen-employees of the United States assigned overseas, either permanently or temporarily, and their eligible dependants, and to members of Congress who travel abroad on official business. Period of validity: generally five years from the date of issue.^[28] Illustration: cover -- right.

Diplomatic (black cover)

Issuable to American diplomats accredited overseas and their eligible dependants, and to citizens who reside in the United States and travel abroad for diplomatic work. Period of validity: generally five years from the date of issue.^[29]

Emergency

Issuable to citizens overseas, in urgent circumstances. Period of validity: generally one year from the date of issue.^[30] An emergency passport may be exchanged for a full-term passport.^[31]

The Department of State does not get many requests for certificates of non-citizenship nationality, which are issuable by the department. Production of a limited number of certificates would be costly, and, if produced, certificates would have to meet security standards. Accordingly, the Department of State chose not to issue certificates of non-citizen nationality. Instead, the department issues passports to non-citizen nationals. An issued passport certifies the status of a non-citizen national.^[32] The certification is in the form of an endorsement in the passport: "The bearer of this passport is a United States national and not a United States citizen."

More than one valid United States passport of the same type may not be held, except if authorized by the Department of State.^[33]

It is routine for the Department of State to authorize a holder of a regular passport to hold, in addition, a diplomatic passport or an official passport or a no-fee passport.

One circumstance which may call for issuance of a second passport of a particular type is a prolonged visa-processing delay. Another is safety or security, such as travel between Israel and a country which refuses to grant entry to a person with a passport which indicates travel to Israel. The period of validity of a second passport issued under either circumstance is generally two years from the date of issue.^[34]

On the front cover, a representation of the Great Seal of the United States is at the center. "PASSPORT" (in all capital letters) appears above the representation of the Great Seal, and "United States of America" (in script) appears below.

An official passport has "OFFICIAL" (in all capital letters) above "PASSPORT". The capital letters of "OFFICIAL" are somewhat smaller than the capital letters of "PASSPORT".

A diplomatic passport has "DIPLOMATIC" (in all capital letters) above "PASSPORT". The capital letters of "DIPLOMATIC" are somewhat smaller than the capital letters of "PASSPORT".

A biometric passport has the e-passport symbol at the bottom.

Illustrations: covers -- above right and top of page right; cover and selected pages -- ^[35].

There are 32 pages in a biometric passport. Forty-eight-page passports for frequent travellers (e.g., businessmen) are no longer issued. However, extra visa pages may be added to a passport.^[36]

Each passport has a data page and a signature page. Illustration: data page and signature page -- right.

A data page has a visual zone and a machine-readable zone. The visual zone has a digitized photograph of the passport holder, data about the passport, and data about the passport holder:

• Photograph
• Type [of document, which is "P" for "passport"]
• Code [of the issuing country, which is "USA" for "United States of America"]
• Passport No.
• Surname
• Given Name(s)
• Nationality [which is "United States of America"]
• Date of Birth
• Place of Birth
• Sex
• Date of Issue
• Date of Expiration
• Authority
• Endorsements

At the bottom of a data page is the machine-readable zone, which can be read both visually and by an optical scanner. The machine-readable zone consists of two lines. There are no blank spaces in either line. A space which does not contain a letter or a number is filled with "<".

The first line of a machine-readable zone of a passport contains a letter to denote the type of travel document ("P" for passport), the code for the citizenship of the passport holder (e.g., "USA" for "United States of America"), and the name (surname first, then given name or names) of the passport holder.

The second line of a machine-readable zone of a passport contains the passport number, supplemented by a check digit; the code of the issuing country (e.g., "USA" for "United States of America"); the date of birth of the passport holder, supplemented by a check digit; a notation of the sex of the passport holder ("M" or "F"); the date of expiration of the passport, supplemented by a check digit; and, at the end of the line, two overall check digits.

A signature page has a line for the signature of a passport holder. A passport is not valid until it is signed by the passport holder. If a holder is unable to sign his passport, it is to be signed by a person who has legal authority to sign on the holder's behalf.^[37]

Passports of all countries contain a message, nominally from the official who is in charge of passport issuance (e.g., secretary of state, minister of foreign affairs), addressed to authorities of other countries. The message identifies the bearer as a citizen of the issuing country, requests that he or she be allowed to enter and pass through the other country, and requests further that, when necessary, he or she be given help consistent with international norms. In United States passports, the message is in English, French and Spanish. The message is:

In English:

The Secretary of State of the United States of America hereby requests all whom it may concern to permit the citizen/national of the United States named herein to pass without delay or hindrance and in case of need to give all lawful aid and protection.

in French:

Le Secrétaire d'Etat des Etats-Unis d'Amérique prie par les présentes toutes autorités compétentes de laisser passer le citoyen ou ressortissant des Etats-Unis titulaire du présent passeport, sans délai ni difficulté et, en cas de besoin, de lui accorder toute aide et protection légitimes.

and in Spanish:

El Secretario de Estado de los Estados Unidos de América por el presente solicita a las autoridades competentes permitir el paso del ciudadano o nacional de los Estados Unidos aqui nombrados, sin demora ni dificultades, y en caso de necesidad, prestarle toda la ayuda y protección licitas.

The term "citizen/national" and its equivalent terms ("citoyen ou ressortissant"; "ciudadano o nacional") are in the message, because some people born in American Samoa, including Swains Island, are nationals but not citizens of the United States.

At a League of Nations conference in 1920 about passports and through-train travel, a recommendation was that passports be written in French (historically, the language of diplomacy) and one other language.

English, the de-facto national language of the United States, has always been used in U.S. passports. At some point subsequent to 1920, English and French were used in passports. Spanish was added during the second Clinton administration, in recognition of Spanish-speaking Puerto Rico. The addition indirectly recognises Spanish-speaking U.S. citizens whose origins are Spanish-speaking countries.

The field names on the data page, the passport message, the warning on the second page that the bearer is responsible for obtaining visas, and the designations of the amendments-and-endorsements pages, are printed in English, French and Spanish.

Biometric passports contain RFID (radio-frequency identification) chips. The purpose of chips is storage of biometric and other data, which are retrievable. (Biometric passports are sometimes referred to as electronic passports, because chips are electronic.)

The legal driving force of biometric passports is the Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act of 2002, which states that smart-card IDs may be used in lieu of visas. That law also provides that foreigners who travel to the U.S., and want to enter the U.S. visa-free under the Visa Waiver Program, must bear machine-readable passports which comply with international standards. If a foreign passport was issued on or after October 26, 2006, that passport must be a biometric passport.

The chip of a U.S. passport stores an image of the photograph of the passport holder, passport data, and personal data of the passport holder; and has capacity to store additional data.^[15] The capacity of an RFID chip is 64 kilobytes, which is large enough to store, in addition to an image of a photograph, passport data and personal data, biometric identifiers such as fingerprints and retina scans.

Data in a passport chip are scannable by readers, a capability which is intended to speed up immigration processing. A passport does not have to be plugged into a reader in order for data therein to be read. Like toll-road chips, data in passport chips can be read when passport chips are proximate to readers. The passport cover contains a radio-frequency shield, so the cover must be opened for the data to be read.

According to the Department of State, the Basic Access Control (BAC) security protocol prevents access to those data unless the printed information within the passport is also known or can be guessed.^[38]

According to privacy advocates, the BAC and the shielded cover are ineffective when a passport is open, and that a passport may have to be opened for inspection in a public place such as a hotel, a bank, or an Internet cafe. An open passport is subject to illicit reading of chip data, such as by a government agent who is tracking a passport holder's movements or by a criminal who is intending identity theft.^[39]

In 2006, the United States had a Henley Visa Restrictions Index of 130. This means that holders of regular U.S. passports had visa-free entries into or were entitled to obtain visas on arrival in 130 countries and territories. The United States, Finland, and Denmark ranked first on the list.^[40]

According to the list below, 187 countries and territories allow visa-free entries by or issue visas on arrival to holders of regular U.S. passports.

The numerical difference between the index and the list is due to when each was prepared, and to inclusion or exclusion of territories and dependencies, e.g., Guam (United States), Jersey and Guernsey (United Kingdom), Greenland (Denmark).

If neither visa-free entry nor a visa on arrival is permitted, a visa prior to travel is required.^[41]

For travel on a diplomatic passport or on an official passport issued by a foreign country, a visa prior to travel will likely be required by a destination country, even if the destination country allows visa-free entries by or issues visas on arrival to holders of regular passports issued by the same foreign country.

Countries and Territories	Conditions of access
Botswana	90 days [1]
Comoros	visa issued upon arrival [2]
Côte d'Ivoire	90 days [3]
Djibouti	30-day visa issued upon arrival for DJF5,000 [4]
Egypt	30-day visa issued upon arrival for US$15 [5]
Equatorial Guinea	visa-free access [6]
Ethiopia	3-month visa issued upon arrival for US$40 [7][8]
Kenya	3-month visa issued upon arrival for US$50 [9][10]
Lesotho	14 days [11][12]
Madagascar	90-day visa issued upon arrival for MGA28,000 [13]
Malawi	90 days [14]
Mauritius	6 months per year (tourist), 90 days per year (business) [15][16]
Mayotte	1 month [17]
Morocco	3 months [18][19]
Mozambique	30-day visa issued upon arrival for US$25 [20]
Namibia	90 days [21]
Niger	1-month issued upon arrival for XOF20,000 [22]
Réunion	3 months [23]
Rwanda	90 days [24]
Saint Helena	visa-free access
São Tomé and Príncipe	1-month visa issued upon arrival for US$50 [25]
Senegal	3 months [26]
Seychelles	1 month [27]
South Africa	90 days [28]
Swaziland	60 days [29]
Tanzania	visa issued upon arrival for US$50 [30][31]
Togo	1-month visa issued upon arrival for XOF10,000 ~ XOF35,000 [32]
Tunisia	4 months [33]
Uganda	6-month visa issued upon arrival for US$50 [34][35]
Zambia	visa issued upon arrival for US$25 (single), US$80 (multiple) [36][37]
Zimbabwe	3-month visa issued upon arrival for US$30 ~ 55 [38]

Countries and Territories	Conditions of access
Anguilla	3 months [39][40]
Antigua and Barbuda	1 month [41][42]
Argentina	90 days [43]
Aruba	3 months [44]
Bahamas	3 months [45]
Barbados	6 months [46][47]
Belize	90 days [48][49]
Bermuda	6 months [50][51]
Bolivia	visa issued upon arrival for US$100 [52][53]
Brazil	visa required, fee is US$130 for US citizens, duration is at the discretion of the granting consulate [54]
Canada	6 months [55][56]
Cayman Islands	30 days [57]
Chile	90-day passport validity long multiple entry visa issued upon arrival for US$131 [58]
Colombia	90 days [59][60]
Costa Rica	90 days [61]
Dominica	6 months [62]
Dominican Republic	30-day tourist card issued upon arrival for US$10 [63][64]
Ecuador	90 days [65][66]
El Salvador	90 days [67]
Falkland Islands	3 months [68]
French Guiana	3 months [69]
Greenland	3 months [70]
Grenada	3 months [71][72]
Guadeloupe	3 months [73]
Guatemala	90 days [74]
Guyana	3 months [75]
Haiti	3 months [76]
Honduras	3 months [77]
Jamaica	30 days [78][79]
Martinique	3 months [80]
Mexico	180 days [81][82]
Montserrat	3 months [83]
Netherlands Antilles	3 months [84]
Nicaragua	90 days [85]
Panama	30-day Tourist Card issued upon arrival for US$5 [86][87]
Peru	90 days [88]
Saint Barthélemy	3 months [89]
Saint Kitts and Nevis	14 days [90]
Saint Lucia	6 weeks [91][92]
Saint Martin	3 months [93]
Saint Pierre and Miquelon	3 months [94]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	1 month [95]
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands	visa-free access [96]
Trinidad and Tobago	3 months [97]
Turks and Caicos Islands	30 days [98]
Uruguay	3 months [99][100]
Venezuela	3 months [101][102]
British Virgin Islands	30 days [103]

Countries and Territories	Conditions of access
Armenia	21-day visa issued upon arrival for US$30 [104]
Azerbaijan	30-day visa issued upon arrival for US$100 [105]
Bahrain	14-day visa issued upon arrival for BHD5 [106][107]
Brunei Darussalam	90 days (VWP) [108]
Cambodia	30-day visa issued upon arrival for US$20 (tourist), US$25 (business) [109]
Republic of China (Taiwan)	30 days [110]
Hong Kong	90 days [111]
Indonesia	30-day visa issued upon arrival [112]
Iraq	visa issued upon arrival (free of charge) [113]
Israel	3 months [114]
Japan	90 days (VWP) [115]
Jordan	visa issued upon arrival for JOD10 [116][117]
South Korea	90 days [118][119]
Kuwait	3-month visa issued upon arrival for KWD3 [120][121]
Kyrgyzstan	1-month visa issued upon arrival for US$36 ~ 70 (business),US$35 (single tourist),US$55 (multiple tourist) [122][123]
Laos	15-day visa issued upon arrival for US$30 [124]
Lebanon	1-month visa issued upon arrival(free of charge) [125][126]
Macau	30 days [127]
Malaysia	3 months [128]
Maldives	30 days [129]
Mongolia	90 days [130]
Nepal	60-day visa issued upon arrival for US$30 [131]
Oman	1-month visa issued upon arrival for OMR6 [132]
Philippines	21 days [133]
Qatar	21-day visa issued upon arrival for QAR55 [134][135]
Singapore	90 days (VWP) [136]
Sri Lanka	30 days (free visa on arrival) [137]
Thailand	30 days [138]
Timor-Leste	30-day visa issued upon arrival for US$30 [139]
Turkey	3-month visa issued upon arrival for US$20, €15 [140]
United Arab Emirates	60 days [141]
Yemen	1-month visa issued upon arrival for YER10,500 [142]

Countries and Territories	Conditions of access
European Union
Austria	3 months in a half year [143][144]
Belgium	3 months in a half year [145][146]
Bulgaria	3 months in a half year [147][148]
Cyprus	3 months in a half year [149][150]
Czech Republic	3 months in a half year [151][152]
Denmark	3 months in a half year [153][154]
Estonia	3 months in a half year [155][156]
Finland	3 months in a half year [157][158]
France	3 months in a half year [159][160]
Germany	3 months in a half year [161][162]
Greece	3 months in a half year [163][164]
Hungary	3 months in a half year [165][166]
Republic of Ireland	3 months in a half year [167][168]
Italy	3 months in a half year [169][170]
Latvia	3 months in a half year [171][172]
Lithuania	3 months in a half year [173][174]
Luxembourg	3 months in a half year [175][176]
Malta	3 months in a half year [177][178]
Netherlands	3 months in a half year [179][180]
Poland	3 months in a half year [181][182]
Portugal	3 months in a half year [183][184]
Romania	3 months in a half year [185][186]
Slovakia	3 months in a half year [187][188]
Slovenia	3 months in a half year [189][190]
Spain	3 months in a half year [191][192]
Sweden	3 months in a half year [193][194]
United Kingdom	6 months [195]
Non-EU
Albania	1 month with entry tax : €10 [196][197]
Andorra	3 months (same as France and Spain) [198]
Bosnia and Herzegovina	90 days [199]
Croatia	90 days [200][201]
Faroe Islands	3 months (same as Denmark) [202]
Georgia	90 days [203]
Gibraltar	visa-free access [204]
Guernsey	visa-free access [205]
Iceland	3 months in a half year [206]
Isle of Man	visa-free access[207]
Jersey	6 months [208]
Liechtenstein	3 months in half a year (same as Switzerland) [209]
Macedonia	3 months [210]
Moldova	90 days [211]
Transnistria	no visas required [212]
Monaco	3 months (same as France) [213]
Montenegro	90 days [214]
Norway	3 months in half a year [215]
San Marino	90 days (same as Italy) [216]
Serbia	90 days [217][218]
Switzerland	3 months in half a year [219]
Ukraine	[220][221]
Vatican City	3 months in half a year (same as Italy) [222]

Countries and Territories	Conditions of access
American Samoa	visa-free access [223]
British Antarctic Territory	visa-free access
Cook Islands	31 days [224]
Fiji	4 months [225]
Guam	unlimited access [226]
Kiribati	28 days [227]
Marshall Islands	visa-free access [228]
Federated States of Micronesia	30 days[229][230]
New Caledonia	3 months [231]
New Zealand	3 months [232]
Niue	30 days [233]
Northern Mariana Islands	unlimited access [234]
Palau	1 year [235][236]
Papua New Guinea	60-day visa issued upon arrival for PGK100 (tourist), PGK500 (business) [237]
Pitcairn Islands	visa-free access
French Polynesia	1 month [238]
Samoa	60 days [239]
Solomon Islands	3-month visitor permit issued upon arrival [240]
French Southern and Antarctic Lands	3 months [241]
Tokelau	free cruising permit can be obtain in Apia, Samoa [242]
Tonga	31-day visa issued upon arrival (free of charge) [243]
Tuvalu	1 month [244]
Vanuatu	30 days [245][246]
Wallis and Futuna	3 months [247]
Australia	pre-arrival Electronic Travel Authority required [248]
Norfolk Island	same as Australia [249]

• International Civil Aviation Organization, Machine Readable Travel Documents. http://mrtd.icao.int.
• Krueger, Stephen, Krueger on United States Passport Law (Hong Kong: Crossbow Corporation, 1999 and supplements) (2nd ed.).
• United States Department of State, Passport Office, The United States Passport: Past, Present, Future (Washington, D.C.: United States Department of State, Passport Office, 1976).
• 22 C.F.R. Part 51.
• 8 U.S.C. secs. 1185, 1504.
• 18 U.S.C. secs. 1541-1547.
• 22 U.S.C. secs. 211a-218, 2705, 2721.
• U.S. Sentencing Guidelines secs. 2L2.1, 2L2.2.

• Government Printing Office
• Nansen passport
• Passport