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Augustus Le Plongeon
Augustus Le Plongeon
	Photograph by Alice Dixon Le Plongeon
Born	May 4, 1825; Jersey
Died	December 13, 1908 (aged 83); Brooklyn, New York
Occupation	antiquarian and amateur archaeologist
Nationality	United Kingdom
Subject	Maya civilization, Atlantis

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Augustus Le Plongeon (1825–1908) was a photographer and antiquarian who studied the pre-Columbian ruins of America, particularly those of the Maya civilization on the northern Yucatán Peninsula. While his writings contain many eccentric notions that were discredited by later researchers, Le Plongeon left a lasting legacy in his photographs documenting the ancient ruins. He should also be regarded as one of the earliest proponents of Mayanism.

Le Plongeon wrote a lengthy history of Maya culture, going so far as to propose a theory that Maya had been in touch with the lost continent of Atlantis and were ancestral to Ancient Egypt, a theory which has since been discredited by the scientific community. Le Plongeon, a Freemason, was also convinced that the roots of Freemasonry were to be found in the ancient Maya culture. However, as a pioneer in producing photographic records of Maya sites and inscriptions, Le Plongeon's works retain at least a curio value to later researchers and his photographs preserve the appearance of many sites and objects that have been subsequently damaged or destroyed.

Early life and careers

Le Plongeon was born on the island of Jersey on May 4, 1826.^[1] At 19, he sailed to South America and shipwrecked off the coast of Chile. While there he settled in Valparaiso and taught mathematics, drawing, and languages at a local college. In 1849 he sailed to San Francisco during the California gold rush to work as a surveyor, and also apprenticed to became a doctor of medicine. One of his accomplishments as a surveyor included drawing a plan for the layout of the town of Marysville, California in the Central Valley in 1851.

He moved to England and studied photography with William Fox Talbot in 1851. He returned to San Francisco in 1855 to open a daguerreotype portrait studio on Clay Street. In 1862, he traveled to Lima, Peru and opened another photography studio and an "electro-hydropathic" medical clinic based on an early form of alternative medicine.

Travels in Peru

Le Plongeon pioneered the use of photography as a tool for his studies. He began using the wet collodion glass-plate negative process he used for studio portraits to record his explorations. He traveled extensively all over Peru for eight years visiting and photographing the ancient ruins, including making photographs for E. G. Squier's expedition.

In 1870, he left Peru and traveled back once again to San Francisco where he gave a number of illustrated lectures at the California Academy of Sciences on Peruvian archaeology and the causes of earthquakes. His travels then continued on to New York, and by 1871 he was at the British Museum in London studying Mesoamerican manuscripts. His reading of the works of the French scholar Charles Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg culminated in a stirring belief that civilization had its origins in the New World.

Alice Dixon Le Plongeon

While in London he met Alice Dixon, the woman with whom he would collaborate for the rest of his life.^[2] Alice, born in London in 1851, had been well educated, and also had been taught the art of photography by her father Henry Dixon - a man who was recognized in the late nineteenth century for his contribution to the development of panchromatic photography, and for his photos of London architecture taken for the Society for Preserving the Relics of Old London.

Alice returned with Augustus to New York, where the couple married.^[3]

Travels in Yucatán

In 1873, the Le Plongeons traveled to Yucatán, and remained there almost continuously until 1885 in search of cultural connections between the Maya and Ancient Egypt. Le Plongeon was inspired by the work of his contemporary Heinrich Schliemann and the discovery of ancient Troy, a location that had been described in the epic poems of Homer. Brasseur de Bourbourg had suggested links between the ancient Maya and Atlantis and Le Plongeon felt that descriptions of Atlantis by Plato also provided a key to finding places described in ancient myths and legends.

The Le Plongeons used photography to record the ruins. Their photographic work was methodical and systematic, and they took hundreds of 3-D photos. They documented entire Maya buildings such as the "Governor's Palace" at Uxmal in overlapping photos by placing the camera on a tall tripod or scaffold to correct for perspective, and then processed the plates in the unlit rooms of Maya buildings. In addition to entire facades of buildings, they also photographed small artifacts, and architectural details such as bas-reliefs, Maya hieroglyphic inscriptions, and sculptures.

At Chichen Itza they excavated a curiously-formed statue or altar figurine, coining the name "Chaacmol" (later "Chac Mool" or chacmool) for it, from a structure known as the "Platform of the Eagles and Jaguars". Although their alleged derivation of the name is known now to have had no association with figures of this type, the name has remained in general use among later archaeologists. This statue would later be used as a demonstration of Toltec influences at the site, with other examples found at the Toltec's capital, Tula. They also documented their excavation of the Platform of Venus with photos as well as plan and cross-section drawings, and visited and photographed other Maya sites such as Izamal, Isla Mujeres, Cozumel, Cancún, and Ake, and traveled to Belize (British Honduras).

Le Plongeon is also known for his attempted translation of the Troano Codex.The "translation" was viewed with much skepticism at the time, and is considered by all modern authorities to be completely mistaken, based on little more than Le Plongeon's own imagination. He claimed that one section detailed the destruction of the lost continent of Atlantis.

Theories and later career

By the 1880s, while most Mayanists accepted that the Maya civilization postdated Ancient Egypt, Le Plongeon stood by his theories. He cited his years of fieldwork and studies of archival sources, and challenged those he considered "armchair" archaeologists to debate the issues. But as evidence mounted against cultural diffusion, Le Plongeon became marginalized and his theories falling further outside of the growing mainstream of Maya archaeology.^[4]

Le Plongeon insisted that the symbols of Freemasonry could be traced to the ancient Maya, and that this ancient knowledge had come to ancient Egypt from the ancient Maya by way of Atlantis. He and Alice constructed an imaginative "history", with the Maya sites in Yucatán being the cradle of civilization, with civilization then traveling east first to Atlantis and later to Ancient Egypt. The Le Plongeons named kings and queens of these dynasties, and said that various artworks were portraits of such ancient royalty (such as the famous Chacmool, which the couple excavated at Chichén Itzá). The Le Plongeons reconstructed a detailed but fanciful story of Queen Moo and Prince Coh (also known as "Chac Mool") in which Prince Coh's death resulted in the erection of monuments in his honor (surprisingly similar to the commemoration of Prince Albert by Queen Victoria).

Le Plongeon wrote that some sites identified as part of the Maya civilization were not Maya at all. For example, he attributed the construction of Palenque to people from Polynesia. He also believed that the ancient Maya understood the use of the electric telegraph.

While most of Le Plongeon's contemporaries dismissed his theories, individuals such as Ignatius Donnelly and Helena Blavatsky drew upon Le Plongeon's research for their own theories.

He was never fully recognized for his work in the Yucatán, but the hundreds of photos he and Alice took still remain an important contribution to American archaeology. Augustus spent the remainder of his life in Brooklyn, New York, writing about the connections between Maya and Egypt and defending himself against detractors. Augustus le Plongeon died in Brooklyn in 1908 at the age of eighty-three; Alice followed in 1910 at the age of fifty-nine.

Le Plongeon's theories, an early form of alternative history, survive today in certain New Age beliefs that are derived from occult knowledge and Theosophy.

Published works

A collection of the works of the Le Plongeons currently resides at the Getty Research Institute in Los Angeles. The archive contains original records covering their travels from the 1860s through the early 1900s, including diaries, unpublished scholarly manuscripts and notes, correspondence, and extensive photographic documentation of ancient architecture and sculpture, city views, and ethnographic studies.

References

Desmond, Lawrence and Phyllis Messenger (1988). A Dream of Maya: Augustus and Alice Le Plongeon in Nineteenth Century Yucatan (Online text reproduction). Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-82631-000-1.
Desmond, LG (1999). 'Augustus Le Plongeon. A fall from archaeological grace', in AB Kehoe & MB Emmerichs (edd.), Assembling the Past: Studies in the Professionalization of Archaeology, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, pp. 81–90. ISBN 0-8263-1939-4.
Desmond, LG (2011). 'A Critique of the Wikipedia Augustus Le Plongeon article' at http://archaeoplanet.wordpress.com/2011/11/14/a-critique-of-the-wikipedia-augustus-le-plongeon-article/.

Footnotes

^ Desmond (2011)
^ Desmond (2011)
^ Desmond (2011)
^ Desmond (2011)

External links

Augustus and Alice Dixon Le Plongeon papers, 1763-1937, bulk 1860-1910. Research Library at the Getty Research Institute. Los Angeles, California. The collection documents the archaeological excavations, fieldwork, research, and writings of Augustus and Alice Dixon Le Plongeon, the first persons to systematically excavate and photograph the Maya sites of Chichén Itzá and Uxmal. The couple’s pioneering work in documenting Maya sites and inscriptions with photography, which in many cases recorded sites and objects that have subsequently been damaged or lost, was overshadowed in their own lifetimes by their theories of Maya cultural diffusion, and in particular by their insistence that the Maya founded ancient Egypt. The Le Plongeons’ work, and evidence of their wide-ranging interests is found in unpublished manuscripts, diaries, correspondence, drawings, plans, and photographs. The collection also contains the papers of Maude and Henry Field Blackwell, who inherited the literary estate of the Le Plongeons.
Dr. Le Plongeon's 3D Photography
Biography from Minnesota State University
ArcheoPlanet: Augustus Le Plongeon, Alice Dixon, and the history of archaeology

Le Plongeon photographs of Uxmal. http://academic.reed.edu/uxmal/contents.html

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[1] Desmond (2011)

[2] Desmond (2011)

[3] Desmond (2011)

[4] Desmond (2011)

[1]

@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 }}
-'''Augustus Le Plongeon''' (1825–1908) was a [[photographer]], [[antiquarian]] and amateur [[archaeologist]]. He studied the [[pre-Columbian]] ruins of [[the Americas|America]], particularly those of the [[Maya civilization]] on the northern [[Yucatán Peninsula]]. While his writings contain many eccentric notions that were discredited by later researchers, Le Plongeon left a lasting legacy in his photographs documenting the ancient ruins. He should also be regarded as one of the earliest proponents of [[Mayanism]]. Le Plongeon has been identified as an early practitioner of [[psychic archaeology]] and his wife [[Alice Dixon Le Plongeon]] had an avid interest in [[mesmerism]], [[séances|séance]], and the [[occult]].<ref name="Romancing the Maya">{{cite book | title=Romancing the Maya: Mexican Antiquity in the American Imagination 1820-1915| last=Evans| first=R. Tripp| year=2004| publisher=University of Texas Press| location=Austin| isbn=978-0-292-722221-7}}, p. 131</ref>
+'''Augustus Le Plongeon''' (1825–1908) was a [[photographer]] and [[]]  studied the [[pre-Columbian]] ruins of [[the Americas|America]], particularly those of the [[Maya civilization]] on the northern [[Yucatán Peninsula]]. While his writings contain many eccentric notions that were discredited by later researchers, Le Plongeon left a lasting legacy in his photographs documenting the ancient ruins. He should also be regarded as one of the earliest proponents of [[Mayanism]].
-Le Plongeon wrote a lengthy history of Maya culture, going so far as to propose a theory that Maya had been in touch with the [[lost continent]] of [[Atlantis]] and were ancestral to [[Ancient Egypt]], a theory which has since been discredited by the scientific community. Le Plongeon, a Freemason, was also convinced that the roots of [[Freemasonry]] were to be found in the ancient Maya culture. In general, his theories were considered to be somewhat outlandish by near-contemporaries and later [[Mayanist]] scholars such as [[Désiré Charnay]], [[Teoberto Maler]] and [[Alfred Maudslay]], and he is regarded today as one of the more eccentric characters to have worked in the field.<ref>{{cite book | first=Michael D. | last=Coe | authorlink=Michael D. Coe | coauthors= | year=1992 | month= | title= Breaking the Maya Code | publisher=Thames and Hudson | location=London | isbn= 0-500-05061-9| url=| page=109 }}</ref> However, as a pioneer in producing photographic records of Maya sites and inscriptions, Le Plongeon's works and images retain at least a curio value to later researchers and in several cases preserve the appearance of sites and objects that were subsequently damaged.
+Le Plongeon wrote a lengthy history of Maya culture, going so far as to propose a theory that Maya had been in touch with the [[lost continent]] of [[Atlantis]] and were ancestral to [[Ancient Egypt]], a theory which has since been discredited by the scientific community. Le Plongeon, a Freemason, was also convinced that the roots of [[Freemasonry]] were to be found in the ancient Maya culture. However, as a pioneer in producing photographic records of Maya sites and inscriptions, Le Plongeon's works retain at least a curio value to later researchers and   preserve the appearance of sites and objects that  subsequently damaged.
 == Early life and careers ==
+   the  of 19, he sailed to [[South America]] and  off the coast of [[Chile]]. While there he settled in [[Valparaiso]] and taught [[mathematics]], [[drawing]], and languages at a local college. In 1849 he sailed to [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]] to work as a [[Surveyor (surveying)|surveyor]], and also apprenticed to became a doctor of medicine. One of his accomplishments as a surveyor included drawing a plan for the layout of the town of [[Marysville, California]] in the [[California Central Valley|Central Valley]] in 1851.
-Le Plongeon was born on the island of [[Jersey]] on May 4, 1825. He attended and graduated from [[Ecole Polytechnique]] in [[Paris]].
+He moved to [[England]] and studied [[photography]] with [[William Fox Talbot]] in 1851.  returned to San Francisco in 1855 to open a [[daguerreotype]] portrait studio on Clay Street. In 1862, he traveled to [[Lima, Peru]] and opened another photography studio and an "electro-hydropathic" medical clinic based on an early form of [[alternative medicine]].
-After graduation, at the age of 19, he sailed to [[South America]] and was caught in a [[shipwreck]] off the coast of [[Chile]]. While there he settled in [[Valparaiso]] and taught [[mathematics]], [[drawing]], and languages at a local college. In 1849, news of the [[California gold rush]] reached him, and he sailed to [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]] to work as a [[Surveyor (surveying)|surveyor]], and also apprenticed to became a doctor of medicine. One of his accomplishments as a surveyor included drawing a plan for the layout of the town of [[Marysville, California]] in the [[California Central Valley|Central Valley]] in 1851.
-He then moved to [[England]] and studied [[photography]] with [[William Fox Talbot]] in 1851. After learning photography, he returned to San Francisco in 1855 to open a [[daguerreotype]] portrait studio on Clay Street. In 1862, he traveled to [[Lima, Peru]] and opened yet another photography studio and an "electro-hydropathic" medical clinic based on an early form of [[alternative medicine]].
 == Travels in Peru ==
@@ Line 33: / Line 31: @@
 In 1870, he left Peru and traveled back once again to San Francisco where he gave a number of illustrated lectures at the [[California Academy of Sciences]] on Peruvian archaeology and the causes of [[earthquake]]s. His travels then continued on to [[New York]], and by 1871 he was at the [[British Museum]] in [[London]] studying [[Mesoamerica]]n [[manuscript]]s. His reading of the works of the French scholar [[Charles Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg]] culminated in a stirring belief that [[civilization]] had its origins in the [[New World]].
+== Alice Dixon Le Plongeon ==
-== Further research and development of theories ==
-While in [[London]] he met and married [[Alice Dixon Le Plongeon|Alice Dixon]], the woman with whom he would collaborate for the rest of his life. Alice, born in London in 1851, had been well educated, and also had been taught the art of photography by her father Henry Dixon - a man who was recognized in the late nineteenth century for his contribution to the development of [[panchromatic]] photography, and for his photos of London [[architecture]] taken for the Society for Preserving the Relics of Old London.
+While in [[London]] he met [[Alice Dixon Le Plongeon|Alice Dixon]], the woman with whom he would collaborate for the rest of his life. Alice, born in London in 1851, had been well educated, and also had been taught the art of photography by her father Henry Dixon - a man who was recognized in the late nineteenth century for his contribution to the development of [[panchromatic]] photography, and for his photos of London [[architecture]] taken for the Society for Preserving the Relics of Old London.
+Alice returned with Augustus to New York, where the couple married.<ref>Desmond (2011)</ref>
-Augustus le Plongeon also had the opportunity to learn the technology of creating photographic negatives directly from the father of modern photography, [[William Fox Talbot]] in 1873.
-After he had made what he considered to be a complete comparative study of Maya and Egyptian [[religion]], [[linguistics]], and architecture, he concluded that Maya culture had been diffused throughout [[Southeast Asia]] by Maya travelers who then went on to the lost continent of [[Atlantis]] and subsequently the [[Middle East]] to found Egyptian civilization. While most archaeologists of the early and mid-nineteenth century placed the Maya civilization later than Egypt, the chronologies were still relatively uncertain and Le Plongeon's theory found some adherents.
 == Travels in Yucatán ==
@@ Line 51: / Line 47: @@
 == Theories and later career ==
-By the 1880s, while other [[Mayanist]]s fully accepted that the Maya postdated [[Ancient Egypt]], Le Plongeon refused to yield to the new findings. He stood by his years of field and archival studies, and challenged those he considered "armchair" archaeologists to debate the issues. But the [[chronology]] and evidence against [[cultural diffusion]] was overwhelming, and he very quickly found himself ignored, his theories condemned to the fringe of the new profession. Le Plongeon insisted that the symbols of [[Freemasonry]] could be traced to the ancient Maya, and that this ancient knowledge had come to ancient Egypt from the ancient Maya by way of Atlantis.
+By the 1880s, while  [[Mayanist]]s accepted that the Maya postdated [[Ancient Egypt]], Le Plongeon    . He  his years of  and archival , and challenged those he considered "armchair" archaeologists to debate the issues. But    against [[cultural diffusion]],       his theories    of the   of Maya
+Le Plongeon constructed an imaginative "history", with the Maya sites in Yucatán being the cradle of [[civilization]], with civilization then traveling east first to [[Atlantis]] and later to [[Ancient Egypt]].  named kings and queens of these dynasties, and said that various artworks were portraits of such ancient royalty (such as the famous [[Chacmool]], which  excavated at Chichén Itzá).    reconstructed a detailed but fanciful story of Queen Moo and Prince Coh (also known as "Chac Mool") in which Prince Coh's death resulted in the erection of monuments in his honor (surprisingly similar to the commemoration of [[Prince Albert]] by [[Queen Victoria]]).
+Le Plongeon wrote that some sites identified as part of the Maya civilization were not Maya at all. For example, he attributed the construction of [[Palenque]] to people from [[Polynesia]]. He also believed that the ancient Maya understood the use of the electric [[telegraph]].
-Le Plongeon constructed an imaginative "history", with the Maya sites in Yucatán being the cradle of [[civilization]], with civilization then traveling east first to [[Atlantis]] and later to [[Ancient Egypt]]. He named kings and queens of these dynasties, and said that various artworks were portraits of such ancient royalty (such as the famous [[Chacmool]], which was excavated by Le Plongeon at Chichén Itzá). He and his wife reconstructed a detailed but fanciful story of Queen Moo and Prince Coh (also known as "Chac Mool") in which Prince Coh's death resulted in the erection of monuments in his honor (surprisingly similar to the commemoration of [[Prince Albert]] by [[Queen Victoria]]). In this, he would have been a pioneer in asserting the historical nature of Maya record keeping even though he was completely wrong with regard to details.
-Le Plongeon wrote that the sites of the central lowlands were not Maya at all, but were built by a different people much later than the sites of Yucatán. For example, he attributed the construction of [[Palenque]] to people from [[Polynesia]]. He also claimed that the ancient Maya understood the use of the electric [[telegraph]]. All of this is now known to be false, and most was considered very dubious by Le Plongeon's contemporaries. However, it was accepted at the time by individuals such as [[Ignatius Donnelly]] and [[Helena Blavatsky]], who drew upon Le Plongeon's then-recent research for their own theories.
+  of Le Plongeon's contemporaries    individuals such as [[Ignatius Donnelly]] and [[Helena Blavatsky]] drew upon Le Plongeon's research for their own theories.
-He was never fully recognized for his work in the Yucatán, but his over 500 photos still remain an important contribution to American archaeology. Augustus spent the remainder of his life in [[Brooklyn, New York]], writing about the connections between Maya and Egypt and defending himself against detractors. Augustus le Plongeon died in Brooklyn in 1908 at the age of eighty-three; Alice followed in 1910 at the age of fifty-nine.
+He was never fully recognized for his work in the Yucatán, but    photos still remain an important contribution to American archaeology. Augustus spent the remainder of his life in [[Brooklyn, New York]], writing about the connections between Maya and Egypt and defending himself against detractors. Augustus le Plongeon died in Brooklyn in 1908 at the age of eighty-three; Alice followed in 1910 at the age of fifty-nine.
 Le Plongeon's theories, an early form of [[alternative history]], survive today in certain [[New Age]] beliefs that are derived from [[occult]] knowledge and [[Theosophy]].
@@ Line 67: / Line 65: @@
 *{{cite book |author=Desmond, Lawrence and Phyllis Messenger|year=1988 |title=A Dream of Maya: Augustus and Alice Le Plongeon in Nineteenth Century Yucatan |url=http://maya.csuhayward.edu/archaeoplanet/LgdPage/Dream/Start.htm |format=Online text reproduction |location=Albuquerque, NM |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |isbn=0-82631-000-1}}
 * Desmond, LG (1999). 'Augustus Le Plongeon. A fall from archaeological grace', in AB Kehoe & MB Emmerichs (edd.), ''Assembling the Past: Studies in the Professionalization of Archaeology'', Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, pp.&nbsp;81–90. ISBN 0-8263-1939-4.
+* Desmond, LG (2011). 'A Critique of the Wikipedia Augustus Le Plongeon article' at http://archaeoplanet.wordpress.com/2011/11/14/a-critique-of-the-wikipedia-augustus-le-plongeon-article/.
 ==Footnotes==