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{{Other uses|Zeiss (disambiguation)}}
{{Other uses|Zeiss (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
[[File:ZeissMark1.jpg|thumb|right|The Mark I projector installed in the Deutsches Museum in 1923 was the world's first planetarium projector.]]
[[File:ZeissMark1.jpg|thumb|right|The Mark I projector installed in the Deutsches Museum in 1923 was the world's first planetarium projector.]]
[[File:Proyector Planetario Humboldt, Caracas, Venezuela (144898406).jpg|thumb|right|The Mark III modified projector installed in the Planetario Humboldt 1950 in Caracas - Venezuela.It is the oldest in Latin America.]]
[[File:ZeissPlanetariumProjector MontrealPlanetarium.jpg|thumb|right|Marks II through VI utilized two small spheres of lenses separated along a central axis.]]
[[File:ZeissPlanetariumProjector MontrealPlanetarium.jpg|thumb|right|Marks II through VI utilized two small spheres of lenses separated along a central axis.]]
[[File:Universarium in Planetarium Hamburg.jpg|thumb|right|Beginning with Mark VII, Zeiss projectors adopted a new, egg-shaped design.]]
[[File:Universarium in Planetarium Hamburg.jpg|thumb|right|Beginning with Mark VII, Zeiss projectors adopted a new, egg-shaped design.]]
[[File:Zeiss mkIX Universarium.jpg|thumb|The Mark IX Universarium is currently the most advanced model. This example was installed in 2006 at The Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles.]]
[[File:Zeiss Mark IV Sphere.jpg|thumb|Closeup of a lens bearing sphere of the Zeiss Mark IV planetarium projector on display at the Nehru Planetarium in Mumbai, India.]]


A '''Zeiss projector''' is one of a line of [[planetarium projector]]s manufactured by [[Carl Zeiss AG|the Carl Zeiss Company]].
A '''Zeiss projector''' is one of a line of [[planetarium projector]]s manufactured by [[Carl Zeiss AG|Carl Zeiss Company]].
Main models include Copernican (1924), Model I (1925), Model II (1926), Model III (1957), Model IV (1957), Model V (1965), Model VI (1968), Spacemaster (1970), Cosmorana (1984), Skymaster ZKP2 (1977), and Skymaster ZKP3 (1993).<ref name="ZEISS Group">{{cite web | title=Planetarium history | website=ZEISS Group | url=https://www.zeiss.com/planetariums/int/about-us/image-download/planetarium-history.html | access-date=2022-05-13}}</ref>


The first modern planetarium projectors were designed and built by [[Carl Zeiss Jena]] in 1924. Zeiss projectors are designed to sit in the middle of a dark, [[dome]]-covered room and project an accurate image of the [[star]]s and other [[astronomical object]]s on the dome. They are generally large, complicated, and imposing machines.
The first modern planetarium projectors were designed and built by Zeiss Jena in 1924. Zeiss projectors are designed to sit in the middle of a dark, [[dome]]-covered room and project an accurate image of the [[star]]s and other [[astronomical object]]s on the dome. They are generally large, complicated, and imposing machines.


The first Zeiss Mark I projector (the first planetarium projector in the world) was installed in the [[Deutsches Museum]] in [[Munich]] in August, 1923.<ref name="chartrand">{{cite paper | author = Mark R. Chartrand | title = A Fifty Year Anniversary of a Two Thousand Year Dream - The History of the Planetarium | url = http://www.ips-planetarium.org/planetarian/articles/twothousandyr_dream.html | accessdate = 2008-08-22 }}</ref> It possessed a distinctive appearance, with a single sphere of projection lenses supported above a large, angled "planet cage". Marks II through VI were similar in appearance, using two spheres of star projectors separated along a central axis that contained projectors for the planets. Beginning with Mark VII, the central axis was eliminated and the two spheres were merged into a single, egg-shaped projection unit.
The first Zeiss Mark I projector (the first planetarium projector in the world) was installed in the [[Deutsches Museum]] in Munich in August, 1923.<ref name="chartrand">{{cite | author = Mark R. Chartrand | title = A Fifty Year Anniversary of a Two Thousand Year Dream The History of the Planetarium | url = http://www.ips-planetarium.org/ | = }}</ref> It possessed a distinctive appearance, with a single sphere of projection lenses supported above a large, angled "planet cage". Marks II through VI were similar in appearance, using two spheres of star projectors separated along a central axis that contained projectors for the planets. Beginning with Mark VII, the central axis was eliminated and the two spheres were merged into a single, egg-shaped projection unit.

The name "Zeiss projector" is often used for any type of star projector, even those not built by Zeiss.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} Being extremely complex, a large Zeiss projector can cost millions of [[United States dollar|US dollars]].


==History of development and production==
==History of development and production==


The Mark I was created in 1923-1924 and was the world's first modern planetarium projector.<ref name="chartrand" /> The Mark II was developed during the 1930s jointly by Carl Zeiss AG factories in Jena (East Germany) and Oberkochen (West Germany).<ref name="Zeiss">{{cite paper | author = Carl Zeiss AG | title = Planetarium projector models since 1942 | url = http://www.zeiss.com/C12567A100537AB9/Contents-Frame/0A0512B5F2441B1EC1256D09003E57DD | accessdate = 2008-08-22 }}</ref>
The Mark I was created in and was the world's first modern planetarium projector.<ref name="chartrand" /> The Mark II was developed during the 1930s by Carl Zeiss AG in Jena ( Germany) Oberkochen ( Germany).<ref name="Zeiss">{{cite | author = Carl Zeiss AG | title = Planetarium projector models since 1942 | url = http://www.zeiss.com/C12567A100537AB9/Contents-Frame/0A0512B5F2441B1EC1256D09003E57DD | = 2008-- }}</ref>

Following WWII and the [[History of Germany since 1945|division of Germany]], each factory developed its own line of projectors.<ref name="Zeiss"/>
Marks III - VI were developed in Oberkochen (West Germany) from 1957–1989. Meanwhile, the East German facility in Jena developed the ZKP projector line.<ref name="Zeiss"/> The Mark VII was developed in 1993 and was the first joint project of the two Zeiss factories following [[German reunification]].<ref name="Zeiss"/>
Marks III VI were developed in Oberkochen (West Germany) from . Meanwhile, the East German facility in Jena developed the ZKP projector line.<ref name="Zeiss"/> The Mark VII was developed in 1993 and was the first joint project of the two Zeiss factories following [[German reunification]].<ref name="Zeiss"/>

{{As of|2011}}, Zeiss currently manufactures three main models of planetarium projectors. The flagship Universarium models continue the "Mark" model designation and use a single "starball" design, where the fixed stars are projected from a single egg-shaped projector, and moving objects such as planets have their own independent projectors or are projected using a full-dome digital projection system. The Starmaster line of projectors are designed for smaller domes than the Universarium, but also use the single starball design. The Skymaster ZKP projectors are designed for the smallest domes and use a "dumbbell" design similar to the Mark II-VI projectors, where two smaller starballs for the northern and southern hemispheres are connected by a truss containing projectors for planets and other moving objects.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.meditec.zeiss.com/c12567b00038cd75/Contents-Frame/cac4e6cebbf6059841256a76004ccf45 |title=Carl Zeiss STARMASTER Models ZMP and ZMP-TD – Product Specifications |work=meditec.zeiss.com |date=2011 |access-date=23 September 2011}}</ref>


==List of planetariums that have featured a Zeiss projector==
{{As of|2011}}, Zeiss currently manufactures three main models of planetarium projectors. The flagship Universarium models continue the "Mark" model designation and use a single "starball" design, where the fixed stars are projected from a single egg-shaped projector, and moving objects such as planets have their own independent projectors or are projected using a full-dome digital projection system. The Starmaster line of projectors are designed for smaller domes than the Universarium, but also use the single starball design. The Skymaster ZKP projectors are designed for the smallest domes and use a "dumbell" design similar to the Mark II-VI projectors, where two smaller starballs for the northern and southern hemispheres are connected by a truss containing projectors for planets and other moving objects.<ref>http://www.meditec.zeiss.com/c12567b00038cd75/Contents-Frame/cac4e6cebbf6059841256a76004ccf45</ref>
{{incomplete list|date=May 2022}}


Between 1923 and 2011, Zeiss manufactured a total of 631 projectors.<ref>{{Cite news
==Planetariums that have featured a Zeiss projector==
| last = Prager
| first = Lutz
| title = In Jena Optik-Kolloquium zu Planetariumsbau
| newspaper = Ostthüringer Zeitung
| location = [[Gera]]
| date = 8 February 2011
| url = http://www.otz.de/startseite/detail/-/specific/In-Jena-Optik-Kolloquium-zu-Planetariumsbau-1271386400
|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref> Therefore, the following table is highly incomplete.


{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto 1em auto 1em auto"
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto 1em auto 1em auto"
! Planetarium || Zeiss Projector Model || Acquisition Date || End Date || Remarks || Ref.
|-
|-
! Planetarium || Zeiss Projector Model || Acquisition Date || End Date || class="unsortable" | Remarks
| rowspan="2" | [[Adler Planetarium]], Chicago, Illinois, USA || Mark II/III || 1930 || 1969 || Projector was converted from Mark II to Mark III from 1959–1961 || rowspan="2" | <ref name="walsh">{{cite paper | author = Glenn A. Walsh | title = The Adler Planetarium and Astronomy Museum | url = http://adlerplanetarium.tripod.com/ | accessdate = 2008-07-28 }}</ref><ref name="tribune">{{cite web | author = Steve Johnson | title = Countdown to 'wow' | url = http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/ct-ent-0622-focus-adler-20110621,0,6400616.column | date = 2011-06-11 | publisher = The Chicago Tribune | accessdate = 2011-06-23 }}</ref>

|-
| {{illm|Sijthoff planetarium|nl|Sijthoff-planetarium}}, [[The Hague]], Netherlands || Mark I || 1934 || 1976 || Destroyed by fire, although the projector has been restored.<ref>{{Cite web
|title=Verbrand planetarium krijgt tweede leven en komt terug naar Den Haag
|trans-title=Burned planetarium gets second life and comes back to The Hague
|website=[[Algemeen Dagblad]]
|date=1 September 2018
|first=Albert
|last=Kok
|url=https://www.ad.nl/den-haag/verbrand-planetarium-krijgt-tweede-leven-en-komt-terug-naar-den-haag~aed9d21d/
|language=nl
}}
</ref>

|-
| [[Silesian Planetarium]], Chorzów, Poland || Mark II || 1955 || 2018 || [[Silesian Planetarium]], the oldest Mark II still in use worldwide, the oldest and biggest planetarium in Poland.

Retired in July 2018, will be reopened after upgrade in mid 2020.
|-
| [[Tycho Brahe Planetarium]], Copenhagen, Denmark || Starmaster || 1989 || 2012 || The only experienced operator in Denmark retired in 2012. [[Jesper]] H.
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Adler Planetarium]], Chicago, Illinois, USA || Mark II/III || 1930 || 1969 || Projector was converted from Mark II to Mark III from 1959 to 1961<ref name="ley196502">{{Cite magazine
|last=Ley
|first=Willy
|date=February 1965
|title=Forerunners of the Planetarium
|department=For Your Information
|url=https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v23n02_1964-12#page/n93/mode/2up
|magazine=Galaxy Science Fiction
|pages=87–98
}}</ref><ref name="walsh">{{cite web | author = Glenn A. Walsh | title = The Adler Planetarium and Astronomy Museum | url = http://adlerplanetarium.tripod.com/ | access-date =28 July 2008 }}</ref><ref name="tribune">{{cite web | author = Steve Johnson | title = Countdown to 'wow' | url = http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/ct-ent-0622-focus-adler-20110621,0,6400616.column | date = 11 June 2011 |work=Chicago Tribune| access-date =23 June 2011 }}</ref>
|-
|-
| Mark VI || 1969 || 2011 || Replaced with "Digital Starball" system from Global Immersion Ltd.
| Mark VI || 1969 || 2011 || Replaced with "Digital Starball" system from Global Immersion Ltd.
|-
|-
| [[Planetario Luis Enrique Erro]], Mexico City, Mexico || Mark IV || 1964 || 2006|| It was the first planetarium in Mexico opened to general public and it is also one of the oldest in Latin America. || <ref>{{Cite document|last=Planetario Luis Enrique Erro (IPN)|title=Sitio oficial del Planetario Luis Enrique Erro del Instituo Politecnico Nacional|publisher=Instituto Politecnico Nacional|url=http://www.planetario.ipn.mx}}. {{es icon}}</ref>
| [[Planetario Luis Enrique Erro]], Mexico City, Mexico || Mark IV || 1964 || 2006|| It was the first planetarium in Mexico opened to general public and it is also one of the oldest in Latin America.<ref>{{Cite |=Planetario Luis Enrique Erro (IPN)|title=Sitio oficial del Planetario Luis Enrique Erro del Instituo Politecnico Nacional|publisher=Instituto Politecnico Nacional|url=http://www.planetario.ipn.mx}}. {{ }}</ref>
|-
|-
| Planetario [[Simon Bolivar]], Maracaibo, Venezuela || Starmaster || 1968 || Present|| It was the second planetarium in Venezuela.
| [[Bangkok Planetarium]], Bangkok, Thailand || Mark IV || 1964 || Present || || <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bangkok Planetarium|title=Bangkok Planetarium official website|chapter=ความเป็นมา (History)|publisher=Bangkok Planetarium|url=http://www.bangkokplanetarium.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46&Itemid=53|accessdate=2008-11-30}}. {{th icon}}</ref>
|-
|-
| {{illm|SDSK Budapest Planetarium|hu|TIT Budapesti Planetárium}}, Budapest, Hungary || Mark VI || 1969 || 2017 || The planetarium closed indefinitely in 2017 due to rain damage.
| [[:ja:大阪市立電気科学館|Denki kagakukan]], [[Osaka]], [[Japan]] || Mark Ⅱ(No.23)|| 1937 || 1989 || First Planetarium in Japan <br>Preserved at [[Osaka Science Museum]]. ||
|-
|-
| [[Buhl Planetarium]], Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA || Mark II || 1939 || 1994|| Now on exhibit (but not in operation) at the [[Carnegie Science Center]].
| [[:ja:東日天文館|Tonichi Tenmonkan]], [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]] || Mark Ⅱ(No.26)|| 1938 || 25 May 1945 ||Destroyed by [[Bombing of Tokyo]] ||
|-
|-
|Ukraine. Kyiv planetarium
| [[:ja:五島プラネタリウム|Gotoh Planetarium]], [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]] || Mark IV(No.1)|| 1957 || 2001 || ||
|Mark IV
|1988
|Present
|The dome is the second largest in Europe with a screen area of 830 m²
|-
|-
| [[Bangkok Planetarium]], Bangkok, Thailand || Mark IV || 1964 || 2016 || Replaced by an [[Evans & Sutherland]] Digistar 5. The projector is still inside the planetarium but not in operation.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Bangkok Planetarium|title=Bangkok Planetarium official website|chapter=ความเป็นมา (History)|publisher=Bangkok Planetarium|url=http://www.bangkokplanetarium.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46&Itemid=53|access-date=30 November 2008}}. {{in lang|th}}</ref>
| [[:ja:明石市立天文科学館|Akashi Municipal Planetarium]], [[Akashi]], [[Japan]] || Universal(UPP)23/3|| 1960 || Present ||The oldest projector which is operating in Japan. ||
|-
|-
| [[:ja:名古屋市科学館|Nagoya City Science Museum]], [[Nagoya]], [[Japan]] || Mark IV|| 1962 || 2010 ||Plans to be shifted to mark IX in 2011. ||
| ja市科学館, [[]], Japan || Mark || || || .
|-
|-
| {{illm|Tonichi Tenmonkan|ja|東日天文館}}, Tokyo, Japan || Mark II (No.26)|| 1938 || {{nowrap|25 May 1945}} ||Destroyed by [[Bombing of Tokyo]]
| [[Fernbank Planetarium]], Atlanta, Georgia, USA || Mark V || 1967/8? || Present || || <ref name="Fernbank Science Center">{{cite paper | author = Fernbank Science Center Planetarium | url = http://www.fernbank.edu/planetarium.htm | accessdate = 2009-07-16 | title=Official website of the Fernbank Science Center}}</ref>
|-
|-
| {{illm|Gotoh Planetarium|ja|五島プラネタリウム}}, Tokyo, Japan || Mark IV(No.1)|| 1957 || 2001 ||
| rowspan="4" | [[Hayden Planetarium]], New York, New York, USA || Mark II || 1935 || 1960 || || rowspan="4" | <ref name="nytimes">{{cite paper | author = The New York Times | title = Updating City's Star System; Planetarium Introducing Mark IX for Outer Space | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9404E5D81F30F932A2575BC0A96F958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all | accessdate = 2008-10-07 | date=1999-08-11}}</ref>
|-
|-
| {{illm|Akashi Municipal Planetarium|ja|明石市立天文科学館}}, [[Akashi, Hyōgo|Akashi]], Japan || Universal(UPP)23/3|| 1960 || Present ||The oldest projector which is operating in Japan.
| Mark IV || 1960 || 1973 ||
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Nagoya City Science Museum]], [[Nagoya]], Japan || Mark IV|| 1962 || 2010 || Closed for renovation in August 2010
| Mark VI || 1973 || 1997 ||
|-
|-
| Mark IX|| 2011 || Present || Re-opened in March 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncsm.city.nagoya.jp/en/planetarium/about/summary.html |title=Nagoya City Science Museum {{pipe}} Planetarium {{pipe}} About the Planetarium{{pipe}} Planetarium Outline |publisher=Ncsm.city.nagoya.jp |access-date=20 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeiss.de/de/planetarium/home_e.nsf/78be232b5368b1b2c12566fe003b2602/819dac9c9d1aef7a4125687f00510aa9?OpenDocument |title=Nagoya Science Museum |publisher=Zeiss.de |date=23 December 2011 |access-date=20 May 2012}}</ref>
| Mark IX || 1999 || Present ||
|-
|-
| [[:es:Planetario Humboldt|Humboldt Planetarium]], [[Caracas]], Venezuela || Mark III (modified) || 1950 || Present || || <ref name="Humboldt Planetarium Caracas">{{cite paper | author = Humboldt Planetarium | title = El Planetario - Reseña Histórica | url = http://www.planetariohumboldt.com/wordpress/?page_id=2 | accessdate = 2009-01-04 }}</ref><ref>Wikipedia es: Planetario Humboldt. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetario_Humboldt</ref>
| [[ Planetarium]], , || Mark || || Present ||<ref name=" ">{{cite | author = | url = http://www../ | = 2009 </ref>
|-
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Hamburg Planetarium]], Hamburg, Germany || Mark II || 1925 || 1957 || Projector was acquired by the City of Hamburg in 1925, the planetarium was opened to the public in 1930.
| [[Manitoba Museum]], Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada || Mark Vs || 1967 || Present || || <ref name="manitoba">{{cite paper | author = The Manitoba Museum | title = Planetarium General Information | url = http://www.manitobamuseum.ca/pl_info.html | accessdate = 2008-07-28 }}</ref>
|-
|-
| Mark IV || 1957 || 1983 ||
| rowspan="2" | [[Morehead Planetarium]], Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA || Mark II || 1949 || 1969 || || rowspan="2" | <ref name="unc">{{cite paper | author = The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill | title = Morehead History | url = http://www.moreheadplanetarium.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=page&filename=history1.html | accessdate = 2008-07-28 }}</ref>
|-
|-
| Mark VI || 1969 || May 6, 2011 ||
| Mark VI || || ||
|-
|-
| Mark IX || 2006 || Present ||
| [[James S. McDonnell Planetarium]], [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]], Missouri, USA || Mark IX || 2001 || Present || replaced an [[Evans & Sutherland]] Digistar || <ref name="SLSC">{{cite paper | author = The St. Louis Science Center | title = James S. McDonnell Planetarium | url = http://www.slsc.org/content.aspx?id=387 | accessdate = 2008-08-01 }}</ref>
|-
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Hayden Planetarium]], New York, New York, USA || Mark II || 1935 || 1960 || rowspan="4" |<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news | author = The New York Times | title = Updating City's Star System; Planetarium Introducing Mark IX for Outer Space | newspaper = The New York Times | url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9404E5D81F30F932A2575BC0A96F958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all | access-date =7 October 2008 | date=11 August 1999}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | [[Samuel Oschin Planetarium]], [[Griffith Observatory|Griffith Park Observatory]], Los Angeles, California, USA || Mark IV || 1964 || 2006 || || rowspan="2" | {{Citation needed|date=January 2009}}
|-
| Mark IV || 1960 || 1973
|-
| Mark VI || 1973 || 1997
|-
| Mark IX || 1999 || Present
|-
| {{illm|Humboldt Planetarium|es|Planetario Humboldt}}, Caracas, Venezuela || Mark III (modified) || 1950 || Present ||This planetarium is the oldest in Latin America.<ref name="Humboldt Planetarium Caracas">{{cite web | author = Humboldt Planetarium | title = El Planetario – Reseña Histórica | url = http://www.planetariohumboldt.com/wordpress/?page_id=2 | access-date =4 January 2009 }}</ref><ref>[[:es:Planetario Humboldt|Planetario Humboldt]] at Spanish Wikipedia {{in lang|es}}</ref>
|-
| [[Johannesburg Planetarium]], [[Johannesburg]], South Africa || Mark III (upgraded from Mark II) || 1960 || Present || Acquired from the city of Hamburg and upgraded to Mark III prior to installation.<ref name="Johannesburg Planetarium">{{cite web | author = Johannesburg Planetarium | title = History of the Planetarium | url = http://www.planetarium.co.za/history.html | access-date = 26 January 2012 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133640/http://www.planetarium.co.za/history.html | archive-date = 4 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[Manitoba Museum]], Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada || Mark Vs || 1967 || Present ||<ref name="manitoba">{{cite web |author=The Manitoba Museum |title=Planetarium General Information |url=https://manitobamuseum.ca/planetarium/ |access-date=28 July 2008}}</ref>
|-
| [[Galileo Galilei planetarium]], Buenos Aires, Argentina || Mark V || 1967 || 2011 || Replaced by MEGASTAR II A<ref name="Galileo Galilei">{{cite web | url=http://www.planetario.gob.ar/n_tecnologia.html | title=Planetario de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires - Tecnología innovaciones y actualizaciones | access-date=21 November 2017 | language=es}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Morehead Planetarium]], Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA || Mark II || 1949 || 1969 || rowspan="2" |<ref name="unc">{{cite web | author = The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill | title = Morehead History | url = http://www.moreheadplanetarium.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=page&filename=history1.html | access-date =28 July 2008 }}</ref>
|-
| Mark VI || 1969 || 6 May 2011
|-
|[[Planetarium of Tripoli]],
[[Tripoli, Libya]]
|Spacemaster
|1980
|2007
|not in operate but Still in the building
|-
| [[James S. McDonnell Planetarium]], [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]], Missouri, USA || Mark IX || 2001 || Present || replaced an [[Evans & Sutherland]] Digistar<ref name="SLSC">{{cite web | author = The St. Louis Science Center | title = James S. McDonnell Planetarium | url = http://www.slsc.org/content.aspx?id=387 | access-date =1 August 2008 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Samuel Oschin Planetarium]], [[Griffith Observatory]], Los Angeles, California, USA || Mark IV || 1964 || 2006 ||
|-
|-
| Mark IX || 2006 || Present ||
| Mark IX || 2006 || Present ||
|-
|-
| [[Strasenburgh Planetarium]], Rochester, New York, USA || Mark VI || 1968 || Present || Originally cost $240,234 - in 1968 dollars. || <ref name="strasenburgh">{{cite paper | author = Strasenburgh | title = RMSC Strasenburgh Planetarium - The Star Projector | url = http://www.rmsc.org/StrasenburghPlanetarium/About/StarProjector/ | accessdate = 2008-09-04 }}</ref>
| [[Strasenburgh Planetarium]], Rochester, New York, USA || Mark VI || 1968 || Present || Originally cost $240,234 in 1968 dollars.<ref name="strasenburgh">{{cite | author = Strasenburgh | title = RMSC Strasenburgh Planetarium The Star Projector | url = http://www.rmsc.org/StrasenburghPlanetarium/About/StarProjector/ | = 2008 }}</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Planetario de Bogotá]], Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia || Mark VI || 1969 || Present || || <ref name="Bogota">{{cite paper | url = http://www.planetariodebogota.gov.co/historia.php | accessdate = 2009-05-19 }}</ref>
| [[Planetario de Bogotá]], Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia || Mark VI || 1969 || Present ||<ref name="Bogota">{{cite |url=http://www.planetariodebogota.gov.co/historia.php | = -- }}</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Fiske Planetarium]], Boulder, Colorado, USA || Mark VI || 1975 || Present || || <ref name="Fiske">{{cite paper | url = http://fiske.colorado.edu/history.php | accessdate = 2010-07-31 }}</ref>
| [[Fiske Planetarium]], Boulder, Colorado, USA || Mark VI || 1975 || || <ref name="Fiske">{{cite | url = http://fiske.colorado.edu/history.php | = 2010-- }}</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Planetario Universidad de Santiago]], [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]], Chile || Mark VI || 1972 || Present || || <ref name="Santiago Planetarium">{{cite paper | author = USACH | title = Infraestructura Planetario USACH| url = http://www.planetariochile.cl/infra.php | accessdate = 2008-09-27 }}</ref><ref name="Carl Zeiss Planetarium Division">{{cite paper | author = Carl Zeiss Planetarium Division | title = Planetario Universidad de Santiago | url = http://www.zeiss.de/de/planetarium/home_e.nsf/78be232b5368b1b2c12566fe003b2602/ca2190de82f9da2641256886004e84ef?OpenDocument | accessdate = 2008-09-27 }}</ref>
| Planetario Universidad de Santiago, [[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]], Chile || Mark VI || 1972 || Present ||<ref name="Santiago Planetarium">{{cite | author = USACH | title = Infraestructura Planetario USACH| url = http://www.planetariochile.cl/ | = }}</ref><ref name="Carl Zeiss Planetarium Division">{{cite | author = Carl Zeiss Planetarium Division | title = Planetario Universidad de Santiago | url = http://.zeiss.///// | = }}</ref>
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[:pt:Planetário Calouste Gulbenkian|Calouste Gulbenkian Planetarium]], [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]] || UPP 23/4 || 1965 || 2004 || || rowspan="2" | <ref name="Planetario Calouste Gulbenkian">{{cite paper | author = Planetário Calouste Gulbenkian | url = http://planetario.online.pt/ | accessdate = 2009-07-18 }}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | Calouste Gulbenkian|Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisbon, Portugal || UPP 23/4 || 1965 || 2004 || rowspan="2" |<ref name="Planetario Calouste Gulbenkian">{{cite | = Planetário Calouste Gulbenkian | url = http://planetario.online.pt/ | = 2009 }}</ref>
|-
|-
| Mark IX || 2005 || Present ||
| Mark IX || 2005 || Present
|-
|-
| Delafield Planetarium, [[Agnes Scott College]], Decatur, Georgia, USA || Skymaster ZKP-3 || 2000 || Present || || <ref name="Agnes Scott College">{{cite web | author = The Council of Independent Colleges | url = http://hcap.artstor.org/cgi-bin/library?a=d&d=p48 | accessdate = 2011-05-31 | title = Historic Campus Architecture Project: Bradley Observatory and Delafield Planetarium}}</ref>
| Delafield Planetarium, [[Agnes Scott College]], Decatur, Georgia, USA || Skymaster ZKP-3 || 2000 || Present ||<ref name="Agnes Scott College">{{cite web | author = The Council of Independent Colleges | url = http://hcap.artstor.org/cgi-bin/library?a=d&d=p48 | = 2011 | title = Historic Campus Architecture Project: Bradley Observatory and Delafield Planetarium}}</ref>
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |Charles Hayden Planetarium, [[Boston Museum of Science]], [[Boston, MA]], USA || Mark VI || 1970 || 2010 || || <ref>http://www.rainydaymagazine.com/RDM2011/Home/January/Week4/RDMHomeJan3111.htm</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Charles Hayden Planetarium, [[Boston Museum of Science]], [[Boston, MA]], USA || Mark VI || 1970 || 2010 || <ref>http://www.rainydaymagazine.com/RDM2011/Home/January/Week4/RDMHomeJan3111.htm</ref>
|-
|-
| Starmaster || 2011 || Present || || <ref>http://www.mos.org/media/docs/press/20110207Feb_11_Planetarium_Reopening_Release_FINAL_PDF.pdf</ref>
| Starmaster || 2011 || Present || <ref>http://www.mos.org/media/docs/press/20110207Feb_11_Planetarium_Reopening_Release_FINAL_PDF.pdf</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Nehru Planetarium#Mumbai|Nehru Planetarium]], Mumbai, India || Mark IV || 1977 || 2003 || Replaced by an Evans & Sutherland Digistar 3<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nehru Centre Mumbai |url=http://www.nehru-centre.org/planetarium.html |website=[[Nehru Centre]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226191622/http://www.nehru-centre.org/planetarium.html |archive-date=26 December 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[Planetario di Milano|Planetario Ulrico Hoepli]], Milan, Italy || Mark IV || 1968 || Present ||<ref>{{Cite web |title= Planetario di Milano - Lo strumento planetario| url=http://www.comune.milano.it/dseserver/webcity/documenti.nsf/a05ac22aa8296639012567b6005b1193/6730c11a673988c0c1256e4600443785?OpenDocument| access-date=16 November 2014| language= it}}</ref>
|-
| Planetario Ciudad de Rosario, [[Rosario]], Santa Fe, Argentina || Mark IV || 1962 || Present || Projector was acquired by the City of Rosario in 1962, the planetarium was opened to the public in 1984<ref name="Complejo Astronómico Municipal de Rosario">[[:es:Complejo Astronómico Municipal]]</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Planetarium (Belgium)]], Brussels, BELGIUM || Mark II || 1935 || 1966 || rowspan="2" | Planetarium was closed between 1939 and 1954. Closed again in 1966. Building and projector were destroyed in 1969. A new building with a new projector was built in 1976.<ref name="APLF">{{cite web | title = Association des planétariums de langue française | url = http://www.aplf-planetariums.info/index.php?onglet=planetariums&menu=fiche_planetarium&filtre=759 | access-date =5 August 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Planetarium">{{cite web | title = Planetarium.be | url = http://www.planetarium.be | access-date =5 August 2015 }}</ref><ref name="UPP_23/5_nl">{{cite web | title = UPP 23/5 nl | url = http://planetarium.be/erfgoed.pdf | access-date =5 August 2015 }}</ref><ref name="UPP_23/5_fr">{{cite web | title = UPP 23/5 fr | url = http://planetarium.be/patrimoine.pdf | access-date =5 August 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| UPP 23/5 || 1976 || present
|-
| rowspan="3" | Moscow Planetarium, Moscow, Russia || Mark II || 1929 || 1976 || Details preserved at Moscow Planetarium
|-
| Mark VI || 1977 || 1994 || Preserved at Moscow Planetarium<br>Planetarium ceased work in 1994
|-
| Mark IX || 2010 || Present || Projector was acquired in 2010, the planetarium was renovated and opened to the public in 2011
|-
| [[London Planetarium]], Baker Street, London, UK || Mark IV || 1958 || 1995|| Now in Science Museum collection.<ref name="List 1">{{cite web | title = Planetarian Article | url=http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.ips-planetarium.org/resource/resmgr/pdf-pubs/AA_Files_66_Firebrace.pdf.}}</ref><ref name="List 2">{{cite web | title = Science Museum entry | url=http://collection.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects/co520540/zeiss-orrery-projector-from-london-planetarium-1950-60-projectors-image-projector-demonstration-models-orreries-planetaria-models}}</ref>
|-
|[[Chabot Space and Science Center]], Oakland, California, USA
|Mark VIII
|1999
|Present
|As of 2016, the Mark VIII projector unit was successfully repaired, after several years being dysfunctional.

|-
| [[Cozmix]], [[Bruges]], Belgium || ZKP 3b || 2002 || Present ||<ref name="Cozmix">{{cite web | title = Planetarium website | url = http://www.cozmix.be/en/home}}</ref>
|-
| [[Espaço do Conhecimento do UFMG]], [[Belo Horizonte]], [[Minas Gerais]], Brazil || ZKP 4 || 2010 || Present || <ref name="Espaço do Conhecimento do UFMG">{{cite web | title = Planetarium website | url = http://www.espacodoconhecimento.org.br/descubra/planetario/ }}</ref>
|-
| [[Dow Planetarium]], [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], Canada || Mark V || 1966 || 2011 || Now at exhibit at [[Montreal Planetarium (2013)|the new planetarium]]<ref name="Montreal Planetarium Press kit">{{cite web | title = Montreal Planetarium Press kit | url = http://www2.ville.montreal.qc.ca/planetarium/Medias/Documents/planetarium_an.pdf }}</ref>

|-
| [[Sri Lanka Planetarium]], [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]]|| Mark IV || 1965 || Present || This was a gift from east Germany

|-
|Planetário Professor Francisco José Gomes Ribeiro (Colégio Estadual do Paraná), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
|ZKP 1 || 1978 || Present ||
|-
|Planetário da Fundação Espaço Cultural, [[João Pessoa, Paraíba]], Brazil
|Spacemaster
|1982
|Present
| <ref name="FUNESC">{{cite web | title = FUNESC | date = 6 July 2016 | url = https://planetarios.org.br/planetarios/planetario-do-espaco-cultural-da-paraiba/ }}</ref>
|-
|[[Birla Planetarium, Kolkata|Birla Planetarium]], [[Kolkata]], India
|Universal
|1962
|
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Kulkarni |first=A. G. |date=June 1981 |title=Planetaria in India |url=https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.ips-planetarium.org/resource/resmgr/planetarian/v10n2-1981qtr2.pdf |journal=Planetarian |publisher=International Planetarium Society |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=27}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sardar Patel Planetarium]], [[Vadodara]], India
|Spacemaster
|1976
|
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|[[Nehru Planetarium]], Mumbai, India
|Universal
|1977
|
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[:de:Sternwarte_-_Planetarium_SIRIUS|Sternwarte Planetarium SIRIUS]], Schwanden near [[Sigriswil]], [[Switzerland]]
|ZKP 2
|2000
|2014
|
|-
|ZKP 4
|2014
|Present
|
|}
|}


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== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Carl-Zeiss-Planetarium}}
{{Commons category|Zeiss planetarium projectors}}
{{Commons category|Zeiss planetarium projectors}}
* [http://www.zeiss.de/C12567B00038CD75/?Open Zeiss Planetariums]
* [http://www.zeiss.de/C12567B00038CD75/?Open Zeiss Planetariums]


[[Category:Planetaria| projector - Zeiss]]
[[Category: ]]
[[Category:Carl Zeiss Jena]]
[[Category:Carl Zeiss ]]

[[nl:Zeiss-projector]]

Latest revision as of 21:01, 25 April 2024

For other uses, see Zeiss (disambiguation).

The Mark I projector installed in the Deutsches Museum in 1923 was the world's first planetarium projector.
The Mark III modified projector installed in the Planetario Humboldt 1950 in Caracas - Venezuela.It is the oldest in Latin America.
Marks II through VI utilized two small spheres of lenses separated along a central axis.
Beginning with Mark VII, Zeiss projectors adopted a new, egg-shaped design.
The Mark IX Universarium is currently the most advanced model. This example was installed in 2006 at The Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles.
Closeup of a lens bearing sphere of the Zeiss Mark IV planetarium projector on display at the Nehru Planetarium in Mumbai, India.

A Zeiss projector is one of a line of planetarium projectors manufactured by the Carl Zeiss Company. Main models include Copernican (1924), Model I (1925), Model II (1926), Model III (1957), Model IV (1957), Model V (1965), Model VI (1968), Spacemaster (1970), Cosmorana (1984), Skymaster ZKP2 (1977), and Skymaster ZKP3 (1993).[1]

The first modern planetarium projectors were designed and built in 1924 by the Zeiss Works of Jena, Germany in 1924.[2] Zeiss projectors are designed to sit in the middle of a dark, dome-covered room and project an accurate image of the stars and other astronomical objects on the dome. They are generally large, complicated, and imposing machines.

The first Zeiss Mark I projector (the first planetarium projector in the world) was installed in the Deutsches Museum in Munich in August, 1923.[3] It possessed a distinctive appearance, with a single sphere of projection lenses supported above a large, angled "planet cage". Marks II through VI were similar in appearance, using two spheres of star projectors separated along a central axis that contained projectors for the planets. Beginning with Mark VII, the central axis was eliminated and the two spheres were merged into a single, egg-shaped projection unit.

History of development and production

[edit]

The Mark I was created in 1923–1924 and was the world's first modern planetarium projector.[3] The Mark II was developed during the 1930s by Carl Zeiss AG in Jena. Following WWII division of Germany and the founding of Carl Zeiss (West Germany) in Oberkochen (while the original Jena plant was located in East Germany), each factory developed its own line of projectors.[4]

Marks III – VI were developed in Oberkochen (West Germany) from 1957 to 1989. Meanwhile, the East German facility in Jena developed the ZKP projector line.[4] The Mark VII was developed in 1993 and was the first joint project of the two Zeiss factories following German reunification.[4]

As of 2011, Zeiss currently manufactures three main models of planetarium projectors. The flagship Universarium models continue the "Mark" model designation and use a single "starball" design, where the fixed stars are projected from a single egg-shaped projector, and moving objects such as planets have their own independent projectors or are projected using a full-dome digital projection system. The Starmaster line of projectors are designed for smaller domes than the Universarium, but also use the single starball design. The Skymaster ZKP projectors are designed for the smallest domes and use a "dumbbell" design similar to the Mark II-VI projectors, where two smaller starballs for the northern and southern hemispheres are connected by a truss containing projectors for planets and other moving objects.[5]

[edit]

Between 1923 and 2011, Zeiss manufactured a total of 631 projectors.[6] Therefore, the following table is highly incomplete.

Planetarium Zeiss Projector Model Acquisition Date End Date Remarks
Sijthoff planetarium [nl], The Hague, Netherlands Mark I 1934 1976 Destroyed by fire, although the projector has been restored.[7]
Silesian Planetarium, Chorzów, Poland Mark II 1955 2018 Silesian Planetarium, the oldest Mark II still in use worldwide, the oldest and biggest planetarium in Poland.

Retired in July 2018, will be reopened after upgrade in mid 2020.

Tycho Brahe Planetarium, Copenhagen, Denmark Starmaster 1989 2012 The only experienced operator in Denmark retired in 2012. Jesper H.
Adler Planetarium, Chicago, Illinois, USA Mark II/III 1930 1969 Projector was converted from Mark II to Mark III from 1959 to 1961[8][9][10]
Mark VI 1969 2011 Replaced with "Digital Starball" system from Global Immersion Ltd.
Planetario Luis Enrique Erro, Mexico City, Mexico Mark IV 1964 2006 It was the first planetarium in Mexico opened to general public and it is also one of the oldest in Latin America.[11]
Planetario Simon Bolivar, Maracaibo, Venezuela Starmaster 1968 Present It was the second planetarium in Venezuela.
SDSK Budapest Planetarium [hu], Budapest, Hungary Mark VI 1969 2017 The planetarium closed indefinitely in 2017 due to rain damage.
Buhl Planetarium, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA Mark II 1939 1994 Now on exhibit (but not in operation) at the Carnegie Science Center.
Ukraine. Kyiv planetarium Mark IV 1988 Present The dome is the second largest in Europe with a screen area of 830 m²
Bangkok Planetarium, Bangkok, Thailand Mark IV 1964 2016 Replaced by an Evans & Sutherland Digistar 5. The projector is still inside the planetarium but not in operation.[12]
Denki kagakukan [ja], Osaka, Japan Mark II (No.23) 1937 1989 First Planetarium in Japan
Preserved at Osaka Science Museum.
Tonichi Tenmonkan [ja], Tokyo, Japan Mark II (No.26) 1938 25 May 1945 Destroyed by Bombing of Tokyo
Gotoh Planetarium [ja], Tokyo, Japan Mark IV(No.1) 1957 2001
Akashi Municipal Planetarium [ja], Akashi, Japan Universal(UPP)23/3 1960 Present The oldest projector which is operating in Japan.
Nagoya City Science Museum, Nagoya, Japan Mark IV 1962 2010 Closed for renovation in August 2010
Mark IX 2011 Present Re-opened in March 2011[13][14]
Fernbank Planetarium, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Mark V 1967/8? Present [15]
Hamburg Planetarium, Hamburg, Germany Mark II 1925 1957 Projector was acquired by the City of Hamburg in 1925, the planetarium was opened to the public in 1930.
Mark IV 1957 1983
Mark VI 1983 2003
Mark IX 2006 Present
Hayden Planetarium, New York, New York, USA Mark II 1935 1960 [16]
Mark IV 1960 1973
Mark VI 1973 1997
Mark IX 1999 Present
Humboldt Planetarium [es], Caracas, Venezuela Mark III (modified) 1950 Present This planetarium is the oldest in Latin America.[17][18]
Johannesburg Planetarium, Johannesburg, South Africa Mark III (upgraded from Mark II) 1960 Present Acquired from the city of Hamburg and upgraded to Mark III prior to installation.[19]
Manitoba Museum, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Mark Vs 1967 Present [20]
Galileo Galilei planetarium, Buenos Aires, Argentina Mark V 1967 2011 Replaced by MEGASTAR II A[21]
Morehead Planetarium, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Mark II 1949 1969 [22]
Mark VI 1969 6 May 2011
Planetarium of Tripoli,

Tripoli, Libya

Spacemaster 1980 2007 not in operate but Still in the building
James S. McDonnell Planetarium, St. Louis, Missouri, USA Mark IX 2001 Present replaced an Evans & Sutherland Digistar[23]
Samuel Oschin Planetarium, Griffith Observatory, Los Angeles, California, USA Mark IV 1964 2006
Mark IX 2006 Present
Strasenburgh Planetarium, Rochester, New York, USA Mark VI 1968 Present Originally cost $240,234 – in 1968 dollars.[24]
Planetario de Bogotá, Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia Mark VI 1969 Present [25]
Fiske Planetarium, Boulder, Colorado, USA Mark VI 1975 2012 Replaced by an Ohira Tech MEGASTAR.[26]
Planetario Universidad de Santiago [es], Santiago, Chile Mark VI 1972 Present [27][28]
Calouste Gulbenkian Planetarium [pt], Lisbon, Portugal UPP 23/4 1965 2004 [29]
Mark IX 2005 Present
Delafield Planetarium, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, Georgia, USA Skymaster ZKP-3 2000 Present [30]
Charles Hayden Planetarium, Boston Museum of Science, Boston, MA, USA Mark VI 1970 2010 [31]
Starmaster 2011 Present [32]
Nehru Planetarium, Mumbai, India Mark IV 1977 2003 Replaced by an Evans & Sutherland Digistar 3[33]
Planetario Ulrico Hoepli, Milan, Italy Mark IV 1968 Present [34]
Planetario Ciudad de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina Mark IV 1962 Present Projector was acquired by the City of Rosario in 1962, the planetarium was opened to the public in 1984[35]
Planetarium (Belgium), Brussels, BELGIUM Mark II 1935 1966 Planetarium was closed between 1939 and 1954. Closed again in 1966. Building and projector were destroyed in 1969. A new building with a new projector was built in 1976.[36][37][38][39]
UPP 23/5 1976 present
Moscow Planetarium, Moscow, Russia Mark II 1929 1976 Details preserved at Moscow Planetarium
Mark VI 1977 1994 Preserved at Moscow Planetarium
Planetarium ceased work in 1994
Mark IX 2010 Present Projector was acquired in 2010, the planetarium was renovated and opened to the public in 2011
London Planetarium, Baker Street, London, UK Mark IV 1958 1995 Now in Science Museum collection.[40][41]
Chabot Space and Science Center, Oakland, California, USA Mark VIII 1999 Present As of 2016, the Mark VIII projector unit was successfully repaired, after several years being dysfunctional.
Cozmix, Bruges, Belgium ZKP 3b 2002 Present [42]
Espaço do Conhecimento do UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil ZKP 4 2010 Present [43]
Dow Planetarium, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Mark V 1966 2011 Now at exhibit at the new planetarium[44]
Sri Lanka Planetarium, Colombo, Sri Lanka Mark IV 1965 Present This was a gift from east Germany
Planetário Professor Francisco José Gomes Ribeiro (Colégio Estadual do Paraná), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil ZKP 1 1978 Present
Planetário da Fundação Espaço Cultural, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil Spacemaster 1982 Present [45]
Birla Planetarium, Kolkata, India Universal 1962 [46]
Sardar Patel Planetarium, Vadodara, India Spacemaster 1976 [46]
Nehru Planetarium, Mumbai, India Universal 1977 [46]
Sternwarte Planetarium SIRIUS, Schwanden near Sigriswil, Switzerland ZKP 2 2000 2014
ZKP 4 2014 Present

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Planetarium history". ZEISS Group. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  2. ^ Christopher Dewdney. Acquainted with the Night: Excursions Through the World After Dark. Bloomsbury Publishing USA; 2005 [cited 14 October 2011]. ISBN 978-1-58234-599-4. p. 278–279.
  3. ^ a b Mark R. Chartrand. "A Fifty Year Anniversary of a Two Thousand Year Dream – The History of the Planetarium". Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  4. ^ a b c Carl Zeiss AG. "Planetarium projector models since 1942". Archived from the original on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2008.
  5. ^ "Carl Zeiss STARMASTER Models ZMP and ZMP-TD – Product Specifications". meditec.zeiss.com. 2011. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
  6. ^ Prager, Lutz (8 February 2011). "In Jena Optik-Kolloquium zu Planetariumsbau". Ostthüringer Zeitung. Gera. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
  7. ^ Kok, Albert (1 September 2018). "Verbrand planetarium krijgt tweede leven en komt terug naar Den Haag" [Burned planetarium gets second life and comes back to The Hague]. Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch).
  8. ^ Ley, Willy (February 1965). "Forerunners of the Planetarium". For Your Information. Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 87–98.
  9. ^ Glenn A. Walsh. "The Adler Planetarium and Astronomy Museum". Retrieved 28 July 2008.
  10. ^ Steve Johnson (11 June 2011). "Countdown to 'wow'". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 23 June 2011.
  11. ^ Planetario Luis Enrique Erro (IPN). "Sitio oficial del Planetario Luis Enrique Erro del Instituo Politecnico Nacional". Instituto Politecnico Nacional.. (in Spanish)
  12. ^ Bangkok Planetarium. "ความเป็นมา (History)". Bangkok Planetarium official website. Bangkok Planetarium. Retrieved 30 November 2008.. (in Thai)
  13. ^ "Nagoya City Science Museum | Planetarium | About the Planetarium| Planetarium Outline". Ncsm.city.nagoya.jp. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
  14. ^ "Nagoya Science Museum". Zeiss.de. 23 December 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
  15. ^ Fernbank Science Center Planetarium. "Official website of the Fernbank Science Center". Retrieved 16 July 2009.
  16. ^ The New York Times (11 August 1999). "Updating City's Star System; Planetarium Introducing Mark IX for Outer Space". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
  17. ^ Humboldt Planetarium. "El Planetario – Reseña Histórica". Retrieved 4 January 2009.
  18. ^ Planetario Humboldt at Spanish Wikipedia (in Spanish)
  19. ^ Johannesburg Planetarium. "History of the Planetarium". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
  20. ^ The Manitoba Museum. "Planetarium General Information". Retrieved 28 July 2008.
  21. ^ "Planetario de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires - Tecnología innovaciones y actualizaciones" (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 November 2017.
  22. ^ The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. "Morehead History". Retrieved 28 July 2008.
  23. ^ The St. Louis Science Center. "James S. McDonnell Planetarium". Retrieved 1 August 2008.
  24. ^ Strasenburgh. "RMSC Strasenburgh Planetarium – The Star Projector". Retrieved 4 September 2008.
  25. ^ "Planetario de Bogotá – Historia". planetariodebogota.gov.co (in Spanish). 2011. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
  26. ^ "A Brief History of Fiske Planetarium". University of Colorado at Boulder. Archived from the original on 3 June 2010. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
  27. ^ USACH. "Infraestructura Planetario USACH". Retrieved 4 October 2013.
  28. ^ Carl Zeiss Planetarium Division. "Planetario Universidad de Santiago" (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 October 2013.
  29. ^ "Planetário Calouste Gulbenkian" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 18 July 2009.
  30. ^ The Council of Independent Colleges. "Historic Campus Architecture Project: Bradley Observatory and Delafield Planetarium". Retrieved 31 May 2011.
  31. ^ Rainy Day Science : Museum Of Science Planetarium – 31 January 2011. Rainydaymagazine.com. Retrieved on 2011-09-30.
  32. ^ Museum of Science Hosts World Premiere of Original Astronomy Show Undiscovered Worlds: The Search Beyond Our Sun at Grand Reopening of Charles Hayden Planetarium. Museum of Science. 13 February 2011
  33. ^ "Nehru Centre Mumbai". Nehru Centre. Archived from the original on 26 December 2012.
  34. ^ "Planetario di Milano - Lo strumento planetario" (in Italian). Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  35. ^ es:Complejo Astronómico Municipal
  36. ^ "Association des planétariums de langue française". Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  37. ^ "Planetarium.be". Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  38. ^ "UPP 23/5 nl" (PDF). Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  39. ^ "UPP 23/5 fr" (PDF). Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  40. ^ "Planetarian Article".
  41. ^ "Science Museum entry".
  42. ^ "Planetarium website".
  43. ^ "Planetarium website".
  44. ^ "Montreal Planetarium Press kit" (PDF).
  45. ^ "FUNESC". 6 July 2016.
  46. ^ a b c Kulkarni, A. G. (June 1981). "Planetaria in India" (PDF). Planetarian. 10 (2). International Planetarium Society: 27.
[edit]
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