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Apache Struts

Developer(s)	Apache Software Foundation
Stable release	2.1.6 / January 13, 2009 (2009-01-13)
Repository	github.com/weblegacy/struts1
Written in	Java
Operating system	Cross-platform
Type	Web application framework
License	Apache License 2.0
Website	http://struts.apache.org/

Apache Struts is an open-source web application framework for developing Java EE web applications. It uses and extends the Java Servlet API to encourage developers to adopt a model-view-controller (MVC) architecture. It was originally created by Craig McClanahan and donated to the Apache Foundation in May, 2000. Formerly located under the Apache Jakarta Project and known as Jakarta Struts, it became a top level Apache project in 2005.

Struts2 is the rebranding of WebWork under the Apache Struts make.

In a standard Java EE web application, the client will typically submit information to the server via a web form. The information is then either handed over to a Java Servlet which processes it, interacts with a database and produces an HTML-formatted response, or it is given to a JavaServer Pages (JSP) document which intermingles HTML and Java code to achieve the same result. Both approaches are often considered inadequate for large projects because they mix application logic with presentation and make maintenance difficult.

The goal of Struts is to cleanly separate the model (application logic that interacts with a database) from the view (HTML pages presented to the client) and the controller (instance that passes information between view and model). Struts provides the controller (a servlet known as ActionServlet) and facilitates the writing of templates for the view or presentation layer (typically in JSP, but XML/XSLT and Velocity are also supported). The web application programmer is responsible for writing the model code, and for creating a central configuration file struts-config.xml which binds together model, view and controller.

Requests from the client are sent to the controller in the form of "Actions" defined in the configuration file; if the controller receives such a request it calls the corresponding Action class which interacts with the application-specific model code. The model code returns an "ActionForward", a string telling the controller which output page to send to the client. Information is passed between model and view in the form of special JavaBeans. A powerful custom tag library allows it to read and write the content of these beans from the presentation layer without the need for any embedded Java code.

Struts also supports internationalization, provides facilities for the validation of data submitted by web forms, and includes a template mechanism called "Tiles" which (for instance) allows the presentation layer to be composed from independent header, footer, and content components.

The Apache Struts Project was launched in May 2000 by Craig R. McClanahan to provide a standard MVC framework to the Java community. In July 2001, version 1.0 was released.

Although Struts is a well-documented, mature, and popular framework for building front ends to Java applications, it is facing new challenges from newer "light weight" MVC frameworks such as Spring MVC, Stripes and Tapestry. The new XForms standards and frameworks may also be another option to building complex web Form validations with Struts in the future.

The WebWork framework spun off from Apache Struts several years ago, aiming to offer enhancements and refinements while retaining the same general architecture of the original Struts framework. However, it was announced in December 2005 that Struts would re-merge with WebWork. WebWork 2.2 has been adopted as Apache Struts2, which reached its first full release in February 2007.

In 2004 Sun launched an addition to the Java platform, called JavaServer Faces (JSF). Aside from the original Struts framework, the Apache project also offers a JSF-based framework called Shale.

Other MVC frameworks that are not Java based include Ruby on Rails, WebObjects, Django, Catalyst, TurboGears, Castle MonoRail for ASP.NET MVC Framework, CakePHP, Symfony (for PHP), Zend Framework, Achievo ATK, CodeIgniter (for PHP) and Mach-II (for CFML). Struts4php is a version of the Struts framework for the PHP web scripting language ^[1]. Girders is a port of the Struts framework in C# for Microsoft .NET ^[2].

• Model-view-controller
• Jakarta Project
• Java EE
• Google Web Toolkit
• JavaServer Faces
• Stripes
• Comparison of web application frameworks
• ZK Framework

• Apache Struts official website
• Struts2 Tutorial
• Struts tutorial on JBoss