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{{redirect|E-cig vapor|cigarette smoke|Cigarette smoke}}
The '''[[aerosol]]''' from '''[[electronic cigarette]]s''', commonly known as [[vapor]], contains various levels of [[chemical]]s.<ref name=Cheng2014/>
The '''[[aerosol]]''' from '''[[electronic cigarette]]s''', commonly known as [[vapor]], contains various levels of [[chemical]]s.<ref name=Cheng2014/>


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[[Tobacco-specific nitrosamines]] (TSNAs) such as [[NNK]] and [[N-Nitrosonornicotine]] and tobacco-specific impurities have been found in the vapor at very low levels,<ref name=Rom2014/> comparable to amounts found in [[nicotine replacement products]].<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> Trace amounts of [[toluene]],<ref name=Rom2014/> [[xylene]],<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon]]s,<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> [[aldehyde]]s, [[volatile organic compound]]s (VOCs), [[phenols|phenolic compounds]], [[flavor#Flavorants or flavorings|flavors]], tobacco alkaloids, ''o''-Methyl benzaldehyde, and [[cresol]] have been found in the vapor.<ref name=Cheng2014>{{cite journal|last1=Cheng|first1=T.|title=Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes|journal=Tobacco Control|volume=23|issue=Supplement 2|year=2014|pages=ii11–ii17|issn=0964-4563|doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051482|pmc=3995255|pmid=24732157}}</ref> Low levels of isoprene, acetic acid, 2-butanodione, acetone, propanol, and diacetin, and traces of apple oil (3-methylbutyl-3-methylbutanoate) have been found in the vapor.<ref name=Grana2014/>
[[Tobacco-specific nitrosamines]] (TSNAs) such as [[NNK]] and [[N-Nitrosonornicotine]] and tobacco-specific impurities have been found in the vapor at very low levels,<ref name=Rom2014/> comparable to amounts found in [[nicotine replacement products]].<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> Trace amounts of [[toluene]],<ref name=Rom2014/> [[xylene]],<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon]]s,<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> [[aldehyde]]s, [[volatile organic compound]]s (VOCs), [[phenols|phenolic compounds]], [[flavor#Flavorants or flavorings|flavors]], tobacco alkaloids, ''o''-Methyl benzaldehyde, and [[cresol]] have been found in the vapor.<ref name=Cheng2014>{{cite journal|last1=Cheng|first1=T.|title=Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes|journal=Tobacco Control|volume=23|issue=Supplement 2|year=2014|pages=ii11–ii17|issn=0964-4563|doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051482|pmc=3995255|pmid=24732157}}</ref> Low levels of isoprene, acetic acid, 2-butanodione, acetone, propanol, and diacetin, and traces of apple oil (3-methylbutyl-3-methylbutanoate) have been found in the vapor.<ref name=Grana2014/>


[[construction of electronic cigarettes|Later-generation e-cigarette devices]] can create greater amounts of carcinogens.<ref name=Orellana-Barrios2015>{{cite journal|last1=Orellana-Barrios|first1=Menfil A.|last2=Payne|first2=Drew|last3=Mulkey|first3=Zachary|last4=Nugent|first4=Kenneth|title=Electronic cigarettes-a narrative review for clinicians|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|year=2015|issn=00029343|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.01.033|pmid=25731134}}</ref> E-cigarettes devices using higher voltages can produce carcinogens including formaldehyde at levels found in cigarette smoke.<ref name=Collaco2015>{{cite journal|last1=Collaco|first1=Joseph M.|title=Electronic Use and Exposure in the Pediatric Population|journal=JAMA Pediatrics|volume=169|issue=2|year=2015|pages=177-182|doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.2898|pmid=25546699}}</ref> High-voltage e-cigarettes are capable of producing large amounts of carbonyls.<ref name=Bekki2014/> Reduced voltage e-cigarettes had e-cigarette aerosol levels of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde roughly 13 and 807-fold less than indicated in cigarette smoke.<ref name=Bekki2014/>
[[construction of electronic cigarettes|Later-generation e-cigarette devices]] can create greater amounts of carcinogens.<ref name=Orellana-Barrios2015>{{cite journal|last1=Orellana-Barrios|first1=Menfil A.|last2=Payne|first2=Drew|last3=Mulkey|first3=Zachary|last4=Nugent|first4=Kenneth|title=Electronic cigarettes-a narrative review for clinicians|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|year=2015|issn=00029343|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.01.033|pmid=25731134}}</ref> E-cigarettes devices using higher voltages can produce carcinogens including formaldehyde at levels found in cigarette smoke.<ref name=Collaco2015>{{cite journal|last1=Collaco|first1=Joseph M.|title=Electronic Use and Exposure in the Pediatric Population|journal=JAMA Pediatrics|volume=169|issue=2|year=2015|pages=177-182|doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.2898|pmid=25546699}}</ref> High-voltage e-cigarettes capable of producing large amounts of carbonyls.<ref name=Bekki2014/> Reduced voltage e-cigarettes had e-cigarette aerosol levels of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde roughly 13 and 807-fold less than indicated in cigarette smoke.<ref name=Bekki2014/>


== See also ==
== See also ==

Revision as of 16:03, 13 July 2015

"E-cig vapor" redirects here. For cigarette smoke, see Cigarette smoke.

The aerosol from electronic cigarettes, commonly known as vapor, contains various levels of chemicals.[1]

Chemicals

Aerosol (vapor) exhaled by an e-cigarette user.
The nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK) molecule.

In e-cigarettes a liquid is heated to a temperature of about 55°C to create an aerosolized vapor.[2] The vapor contains similar chemicals to the e-liquid which vary in composition and concentration across and within manufacturers.[3][1] The vapor usually contains nicotine, glycerin, propylene glycol, flavors and aroma transporters.[4] E-cigarettes without nicotine are also available.[5] The vapor may also contain tiny amounts of toxicants, carcinogens, and heavy metals.[4][6] Contamination with various chemicals has been identified.[3] Some products contained trace amounts of the drugs tadalafil and rimonabant.[3]

Some metal parts in e-cigarettes contact the e-liquid and may contaminate it with metals[7] in concentrations far below levels permitted in inhaled medicines.[4] Tin, cadmium, nickel, lead,[8] aluminum,[6] copper,[7] silver,[7] iron,[7] mercury,[9] and chromium have been found in the vapor.[1] The nickel and chromium nanoparticles in the vapor may have came from the e-cigarette heating element.[6] The metals have been found in trace amounts in the vapor, although some of them at higher amounts than traditional cigarettes.[7] Silicate particles have been found in the vapor.[7]

Many chemicals including carbonyl compounds such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, and glyoxal can inadvertently be produced when the nichrome wire (heating element) that touches the e-liquid is heated and chemically reacts with the liquid.[10] The propylene glycol-containing liquids produced the most amounts of carbonyls in e-cigarette aerosols.[10] Propylene glycol could produce propylene oxide when heated and aerosolized.[6] Glycerin may generate acrolein when heated at hotter temperatures.[4] Some e-cigarette products had acrolein identified in the vapor, at greatly reduced amounts than in cigarette smoke.[4] Glyoxal and methylglyoxal have been found in the vapor.[10] The amount of carbonyls vary greatly among different companies and within various samples of the same e-cigarettes.[10]

Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) such as NNK and N-Nitrosonornicotine and tobacco-specific impurities have been found in the vapor at very low levels,[8] comparable to amounts found in nicotine replacement products.[7] Trace amounts of toluene,[8] xylene,[7] polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,[7] aldehydes, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), phenolic compounds, flavors, tobacco alkaloids, o-Methyl benzaldehyde, and cresol have been found in the vapor.[1] Low levels of isoprene, acetic acid, 2-butanodione, acetone, propanol, and diacetin, and traces of apple oil (3-methylbutyl-3-methylbutanoate) have been found in the vapor.[6]

Later-generation e-cigarette devices can create greater amounts of carcinogens.[11] E-cigarettes devices using higher voltages can produce carcinogens including formaldehyde at levels found in cigarette smoke.[12] High-voltage e-cigarettes is capable of producing large amounts of carbonyls.[10] Reduced voltage e-cigarettes had e-cigarette aerosol levels of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde roughly 13 and 807-fold less than indicated in cigarette smoke.[10]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Cheng, T. (2014). "Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes". Tobacco Control. 23 (Supplement 2): ii11–ii17. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051482. ISSN 0964-4563. PMC 3995255. PMID 24732157.
  2. ^ Oh, Anne Y.; Kacker, Ashutosh (December 2014). "Do electronic cigarettes impart a lower potential disease burden than conventional tobacco cigarettes?: Review on e-cigarette vapor versus tobacco smoke". The Laryngoscope. 124 (12): 2702–2706. doi:10.1002/lary.24750. PMID 25302452.
  3. ^ a b c Bertholon, J.F.; Becquemin, M.H.; Annesi-Maesano, I.; Dautzenberg, B. (2013). "Electronic Cigarettes: A Short Review". Respiration. 86: 433–8. doi:10.1159/000353253. ISSN 1423-0356. PMID 24080743.
  4. ^ a b c d e Hajek, P; Etter, JF; Benowitz, N; Eissenberg, T; McRobbie, H (31 July 2014). "Electronic cigarettes: review of use, content, safety, effects on smokers and potential for harm and benefit" (PDF). Addiction (Abingdon, England). 109 (11): 1801–10. doi:10.1111/add.12659. PMID 25078252.
  5. ^ Burstyn, I (9 January 2014). "Peering through the mist: systematic review of what the chemistry of contaminants in electronic cigarettes tells us about health risks". BMC Public Health. 14: 18. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-18. PMC 3937158. PMID 24406205.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  6. ^ a b c d e Grana, R; Benowitz, N; Glantz, SA (13 May 2014). "E-cigarettes: a scientific review". Circulation. 129 (19): 1972–86. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.114.007667. PMC 4018182. PMID 24821826.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i Farsalinos, K. E.; Polosa, R. (2014). "Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review". Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety. 5 (2): 67–86. doi:10.1177/2042098614524430. ISSN 2042-0986. PMC 4110871. PMID 25083263.
  8. ^ a b c Rom, Oren; Pecorelli, Alessandra; Valacchi, Giuseppe; Reznick, Abraham Z. (2014). "Are E-cigarettes a safe and good alternative to cigarette smoking?". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences: n/a–n/a. doi:10.1111/nyas.12609. ISSN 0077-8923. PMID 25557889.
  9. ^ SA, Meo; SA, Al Asiri (2014). "Effects of electronic cigarette smoking on human health" (PDF). Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 18 (21): 3315–9. PMID 25487945.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Bekki, Kanae; Uchiyama, Shigehisa; Ohta, Kazushi; Inaba, Yohei; Nakagome, Hideki; Kunugita, Naoki (2014). "Carbonyl Compounds Generated from Electronic Cigarettes". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 11 (11): 11192–11200. doi:10.3390/ijerph111111192. ISSN 1660-4601. PMID 25353061.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  11. ^ Orellana-Barrios, Menfil A.; Payne, Drew; Mulkey, Zachary; Nugent, Kenneth (2015). "Electronic cigarettes-a narrative review for clinicians". The American Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.01.033. ISSN 0002-9343. PMID 25731134.
  12. ^ Collaco, Joseph M. (2015). "Electronic Use and Exposure in the Pediatric Population". JAMA Pediatrics. 169 (2): 177–182. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.2898. PMID 25546699.
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