Gongduk language: Difference between revisions
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Gongduk has complex verbal morphology, which Ethnologue considers a retention from [[Proto-Tibeto-Burman language|Proto-Tibeto-Burman]],<ref name=e18/> and is lexically highly divergent.<ref name=BlenchPost13>Blench, R. & Post, M. W. (2013). [https://www.academia.edu/627686/Rethinking_Sino-Tibetan_phylogeny_from_the_perspective_of_North_East_Indian_languages Rethinking Sino-Tibetan phylogeny from the perspective of Northeast Indian languages]</ref> On this basis, it is apparently not part of any major subgroup and will probably have to be assigned to its own branch.<ref name=BlenchPost13/><ref name=HLP>{{Cite web |
Gongduk has complex verbal morphology, which Ethnologue considers a retention from [[Proto-Tibeto-Burman language|Proto-Tibeto-Burman]],<ref name=e18/> and is lexically highly divergent.<ref name=BlenchPost13>Blench, R. & Post, M. W. (2013). [https://www.academia.edu/627686/Rethinking_Sino-Tibetan_phylogeny_from_the_perspective_of_North_East_Indian_languages Rethinking Sino-Tibetan phylogeny from the perspective of Northeast Indian languages]</ref> On this basis, it is apparently not part of any major subgroup and will probably have to be assigned to its own branch.<ref name=BlenchPost13/><ref name=HLP>{{Cite web |
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The people are said to have come from hunters that would move from place to place at times.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Languages_of_Bhutan.html|title=Languages and Ethnic Groups of Bhutan|website=www.languagesgulper.com|language=en|access-date=2017-02-08}}</ref> |
The people are said to have come from hunters that would move from place to place at times.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Languages_of_Bhutan.html|title=Languages and Ethnic Groups of Bhutan|website=www.languagesgulper.com|language=en|access-date=2017-02-08}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 00:25, 21 October 2017
| Gongduk | |
|---|---|
| Gongdukpa Ang དགོང་འདུས་ | |
| Region | Bhutan |
Native speakers | 2,000 (2006)[1] |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
| Tibetan script | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | goe |
| Glottolog | gong1251 |
| ELP | Gongduk |
Template:Contains Tibetan text
Gongduk or Gongdu (Tibetan: དགོང་འདུས་, Wylie: Dgong-'dus, it is also known as Gongdubikha[2]) is an endangered Sino-Tibetan language spoken by about 1,000 people in a few inaccessible villages located near the Kuri Chhu river in the Gongdue Gewog of Mongar District in eastern Bhutan. The names of the villages are Bala, Dagsa, Damkhar, Pam, Pangthang, and Yangbari (Ethnologue).
Gongduk has complex verbal morphology, which Ethnologue considers a retention from Proto-Tibeto-Burman,[1] and is lexically highly divergent.[3] On this basis, it is apparently not part of any major subgroup and will probably have to be assigned to its own branch.[3][4]
The people are said to have come from hunters that would move from place to place at times.[5]
Currently, George van Driem is working towards the completion of a description of Gongduk based on his work with native speakers in the Gongduk area.[4]
Classification
George van Driem (2001:870)[6] proposes that the Greater Bumthang (East Bodish) languages, including Bumthang, Khengkha, and Kurtöp, may have a Gongduk substratum. Gongduk itself may also have a non-Tibeto-Burman substrate.
References
- ^ a b Gongduk at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ "Gongduk". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
- ^ a b Blench, R. & Post, M. W. (2013). Rethinking Sino-Tibetan phylogeny from the perspective of Northeast Indian languages
- ^ a b Himalayan Languages Project. "Gongduk". Himalayan Languages Project. Archived from the original on 2012-07-07. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Languages and Ethnic Groups of Bhutan". www.languagesgulper.com. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
- ^ van Driem, George. 2001. Languages of the Himalayas. Leiden: Brill
Bibliography
- Dzongkha Development Authority; Dasho Sangay Dorji; Col. Wangdi Tshering; Namgay Thinley; Gyembo Dorji; Phuntsho Wangdi; Lekyi Tshering; Sangay Phuntsho (2005). དགོང་འདུས་རྫོང་ཁ་ཨིན་སྐད་ཤན་སྦྱར་ཚིག་མཛོད། (Gongduk-Dzongkha-English Dictionary). Thimphu: Dzongkha Development Authority. p. 115. ISBN 99936-663-1-9.
- van Driem, George L; et al. (Karma Tshering of Gaselô) (1998). Dzongkha. Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region. Leiden: Research School CNWS, School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies. pp. 32–33. ISBN 90-5789-002-X.
- van Driem, George L (2007). "Endangered languages of Bhutan and Sikkim". In Brenzinger, Matthias (ed.). Language diversity endangered. Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 314–15. ISBN 3-11-017050-7.
{{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter|booktitle=ignored (|book-title=suggested) (help)
External links
- ELAR archive of Documentation of the flora and fauna of Gongduk
Sino-Tibetan branches | |||||
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| Western Himalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim) |
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| Eastern Himalayas (Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal) | |||||
| Myanmar and Indo-Burmese border |
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| East and Southeast Asia |
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| Dubious (possible isolates) (Arunachal) |
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| Proposed groupings | |||||
| Proto-languages | |||||
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. | |||||
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