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In number theory, Fermat's Last Theorem (sometimes called Fermat's conjecture, especially in older texts) states that no three positive integers a, b,...

A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring, recording and calculating population information about the members of a given population. This term...

In mathematics, a manifold is a topological space that locally resembles Euclidean space near each point. More precisely, an n {\displaystyle n} -dimensional...

Student's t-test is a statistical test used to test whether the difference between the response of two groups is statistically significant or not. It is...

A Fourier series (/ˈfʊrieɪ, -iər/) is an expansion of a periodic function into a sum of trigonometric functions. The Fourier series is an example of a...

An experiment is a procedure carried out to support or refute a hypothesis, or determine the efficacy or likelihood of something previously untried. Experiments...

In mathematics, a norm is a function from a real or complex vector space to the non-negative real numbers that behaves in certain ways like the distance...

In mathematics, many sets of transformations form a group under function composition; for example, the rotations around a point in the plane. It is often...

In set theory, Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, named after mathematicians Ernst Zermelo and Abraham Fraenkel, is an axiomatic system that was proposed in...

Random number generation is a process by which, often by means of a random number generator (RNG), a sequence of numbers or symbols that cannot be reasonably...

In statistics, an effect size is a value measuring the strength of the relationship between two variables in a population, or a sample-based estimate of...

In mathematical logic, Russell's paradox (also known as Russell's antinomy) is a set-theoretic paradox published by the British philosopher and mathematician...

12 (twelve) is the natural number following 11 and preceding 13. Twelve is a superior highly composite number, divisible by the numbers from 1 to 4, and...

In mathematics and physics, vector is a term that refers informally to some quantities that cannot be expressed by a single number (a scalar), or to elements...

A googol is the large number 10100. In decimal notation, it is written as the digit 1 followed by one hundred zeroes: 10,​000,​000,​000,​000,​000,​000...

ROT13 (Rotate13, "rotate by 13 places", sometimes hyphenated ROT-13) is a simple letter substitution cipher that replaces a letter with the 13th letter...

In mathematics and logic, an axiomatic system is any set of primitive notions and axioms to logically derive theorems. A theory is a consistent, relat...

In mathematics and physical science, spherical harmonics are special functions defined on the surface of a sphere. They are often employed in solving partial...

A stream cipher is a symmetric key cipher where plaintext digits are combined with a pseudorandom cipher digit stream (keystream). In a stream cipher,...

In statistics, efficiency is a measure of quality of an estimator, of an experimental design, or of a hypothesis testing procedure. Essentially, a more...