Jump to content

Casualties of the Tigray War

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Jnyssen (talk | contribs) at 18:56, 23 April 2021 (photo added). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

File:Mahbere Dego massacre.jpg
Mahbere Dego massacre

Casualties of the Tigray War refers to civilian and military deaths and injuries in the Tigray War that started in November 2020, in which rape and other sexual violence are also widespread.[1][2][3] Claims of civilian deaths range from zero civilians killed in the late November Mekelle offensive, according to federal Ethiopian prime minister Abiy Ahmed in 30 November 2020 parliamentary statement,[4] to a minimum estimate of at least 52,000 civilians killed by the ENDF, the Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF), Amhara militias, and other forces allied with the ENDF as of early February 2021, according to Tigrayan opposition political parties.[5] On 16 February 2021, Getachew Reda of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) estimated that 100,000 soldiers had died in the Tigray War.[6]

Total deaths

Total deaths
Sources Civilians TPLF ENDF/EDF Total Time period
Abiy Ahmed and ENDF[7][8] 0 550 32 582 4 November – 9 February 2021; 4 November – 11 November; 4 November
Tigray opposition parties[5] Lower estimate of at least 52,000 Lower estimate of at least 52,000 4 November – 2 February 2021
Tghat[9] 1,124 dead civilians listed by name 1,124 dead civilians listed by name 10 November – 11 February 2021
TPLF[10][11] 224 224 30 December – 5 January 2021
100,000[12] 4 November – 16 February 2021
Other sources[n 1][13] 2,316 – 2,886 2,408 – 2,978 9 November – 10 January 2021

Civilian deaths

File:Hadishadi1.jpg
In Hadishadi, on 3 April, not only 70 villagers were killed by Eritrean troops, but they also burned down the grinding mill[14]

The lowest estimate of civilian deaths in the Tigray War is prime minister Abiy Ahmed's estimate of zero deaths in the November Mekelle offensive. In a parliamentary statement on 30 November, Abiy stated, "Not even a single person was harmed by the operation in [Mekelle]."[4] Doctors interviewed by The New York Times, who presented documentary evidence, stated that 27 civilians had been killed by the evening of 28 November.[15] In early February 2021, Abiy stopped saying that no civilians have died in the Tigray War, instead stating that the suffering and deaths in Tigray had "caused much distress for [him] personally." No new estimate was given.[7]

As of 2 February 2021, the casualty recording website Tghat listed details of 1037 victims.[9]

As of 2 February 2021, the highest estimate of civilian deaths in the Tigray War is that stated by three of the opposition parties of the 2020 Tigray regional election, National Congress of Great Tigray, Tigray Independence Party and Salsay Woyane Tigray, who were allocated 15 seats in September 2020, prior to the war.[16] The three parties' February 2021 statement (published 2 February) estimated that at least 52,000 had been civilians killed by the ENDF, the Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF), Amhara militias, and other forces allied with the ENDF.[5] Hailu Kebede, head of foreign affairs in Salsay Woyane Tigray, stated that the three parties' data collection method was to try to register data from witnesses in every administrative area in Tigray Region. He stated that "thousands" of names were already recorded.[7]

Murders and massacres

Multiple reports were made of extrajudicial and summary executions of civilians starting in November during the Tigray War.[17][18][19]

Executions of civilians in the Tigray War
Date Place Number Perpetrators Sources Notes
early Nov 2020 Humera unknown ENDF, Amhara militia, Fano [20][21][22] related: EHRC report[13]
9–10 Nov Mai Kadra 600[17] or 1100[18] Samri kebele youths[23][17][18] or Amhara militias[24][25][26] victim ethnicity and perpetrators disputed
12–18 November Addi Hageray 75 ENDF (12 Nov), EDF (12–18 Nov) [27] List includes 55 individuals or small groups, most with names and ages
18 Nov 2020 Zalambessa 59 EDF [19][28] killed at home
c. 19 Nov Hitsats 300 TPLF or EDF [29] perpetrators disputed. EEPA claims 300 Eritrean refugees executed by EDF, some refugees claim local Tigrayan militia, Ethiopia claims TPLF; five humanitarian workers killed in battle[30][31][32]
21 Nov Idaga Hamus 24 EDF [33] after capture of town
c. 21 Nov Adigrat 12 EDF [33][34] after capture of town
25 Nov Adigrat 8–15 EDF [19] at Addis Pharmaceutical Factory
25 Nov Hawzen 8 EDF [19] at home
28–29 Nov Aksum 750 EDF initial body counts;[19][35][36] in-depth[37][38] Daily killings preceded and followed the main massacre.
30 Nov Idaga Hamus 80–150 EDF [19][39] at Maryam Dengelat church
1 Dec Mekelle 27 ENDF [40]
2 Dec Gu'iguna (near Idaga Hamus) 17 EDF [41] forced to help loot Goda factory; 5 named
late Nov/early Dec Irob 52 [42] 50 men, 2 women
1–14 Dec Tokot village near Idaga Hamus 13 EDF [19] boys aged 12–15
late Dec Hawzen 70 ENDF, Amhara, EDF [43] 70 bodies recognised by witness
4–5 Dec Hagere Selam 60 ENDF, EDF [19]
13 Dec Kola Tembien 20 ENDF [44] Soldiers kept terrorising civilians in Tembien in an effort to get the location of the leader of the TPLF.
14 Dec Ala'isa and surroundings 30 EDF [19]
5–6 Jan 2021 Debre Abbay 100 ENDF, EDF [45][46] aftermath video[47]
10 Jan Bore Selwa 150 ENDF, EDF [45]
11 January Debano, Werkamba 30 Amhara militias [48] 30 victims known personally to witness Kibrom Hadush.
mid-January Mahibere Dego (or Mahbere Dego) 15–73 ENDF (Amharic-speaking) [49][50] People were executed and thrown off a cliff, according to geolocated video evidence.
Jan Irob 30 Coptic priests, 100 children, 50 women ENDF, EDF (50 women) [51]
10 Feb Wukro 18 EDF [52] killed in street protests
10 Feb Abiy Addi 182 ENDF, EDF [53] house-to-house killing; access to bodies permitted on 15 Feb, by which time many were partially eaten by wildlife
few days before 14 Feb Adwa + Shire 30 [52] killed in street protests
c. 19 Feb Khisret, Gijet 100+ ENDF [54]
23 Feb Mayweini, near Gijet 80 EDF [55]
23 Feb Cheli, near Gijet 180 ENDF, EDF [55]
c. late Feb – 2 Mar Humera 250 Amhara militias [56]
late February Unknown 6 Unknown [57] Six men were killed somewhere in Tigray.
11 Mar Enkikumel, near Shire 100+ ENDF/EDF [58][59] Reports suggest that ENDF/EDF soldiers went door to door and kidnapped civilians in order to force militias to give up their weapons and surrender. Once the militias surrendered, they and the remaining hostages were all executed. All victims were reportedly young men.
Early March Wukro 5 Unknown [60] 5 men were executed in the near Wukro.
Early March Wukro 3 Unknown [61] 3 men were executed in the countryside of Wukro.
Early March Saharti Samre 16 Unknown [62] 16 People were executed in Saharti Samre then dumped into a ditch.
23 Mar road between Mekelle and Adigrat 4+ ENDF [63] Médecins Sans Frontières staff observed the arbitrary execution of at least four men by the ENDF.
24 Mar Freweyni town (between Wukro and Adigrat) 20+ ENDF [64] Civilians were apparently dragged out of a public bus and then subsequently executed by ENDF forces.
24 Mar Finarwa, near Samre 13 ENDF [65]
3 Apr Hadishadi Village, Tahtay Maychew district 70+ EDF [14]
4 Apr Amhara region 6 Unknown. Possibly ENDF, Amhara special forces or Oromia special forces [66]
(5 Apr) (Haruka kebele, Afar Region) (30+) (Somali Regional State special forces) [67]
6 Apr Maykinetal district, central Tigray 125 ENDF and EDF [68]
8 Apr Freweyni town, Eastern Tigray. 7 EDF [69]
8 Apr Hawzen, Eastern Tigray. 30+ EDF [69]
8 Apr Around Wukro Maray, between Shire and Axum 200+ ENDF and EDF [69]
12 Apr Adwa, Central Tigray 5 EDF [70]
12 Apr village near Axum 11 presumably EDF [70]
12 Apr Hugumbrda, Southern Tigray 15 Amhara militias and ENDF [70]
c. 12 Apr Wukro Maray town near Aksum 300+ EDF [70]

Military deaths

An ENDF soldier present at the attack on the Adigrat base of the ENDF Northern Command during the 4 November Northern Command attacks, Bulcha, stated to BBC News that there were 32 ENDF fatalities and 100 TPLF fatalities.[8]

Based on its 14–18 November 2020 visit and a visit starting 10 January 2021 to the Tigray Region, the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (EHRC) reported a Humera hospital employee's count of the war deaths as 92, including military (ENDF and TPLF) and civilian deaths.[13]

An estimated 760 troops (ENDF and TPLF) were killed during fighting in the Raya region.[71]

The TPLF claimed on 24 November to have killed thousands of ENDF and Eritrean in three fronts: Adwa, Idagahamus and Ray-Mokoni. They also claimed to have killed almost an entire Ethiopian division during fighting at Raya.[72] This division is the 21st mechanised division.[73] Then on 26 November Tigray sources claimed that 4 Eritrean divisions were defeated.[74]

On 7 December heavy fighting broke out between AMISOM troops and Ethiopian troops in Hiran region, Somalia, when Ethiopian troops tried to disarm Tigrayan troops. In total 21 Tigrayan soldiers and 20 Ethiopian soldiers were killed.[75]

Notes

  1. ^ See Civilian Executions

References

  1. ^ "Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 45 – 4 January 2021" (PDF). Europe External Programme with Africa. 2021-01-04. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-01-31. Retrieved 2021-02-01. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 2021-01-12 suggested (help)
  2. ^ Patten, Pramila (2021-01-21). "United Nations Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict, Ms. Pramila Patten, urges all parties to prohibit the use of sexual violence and cease hostilities in the Tigray region of Ethiopia". United Nations. Archived from the original on 2021-01-31. Retrieved 2021-02-01.
  3. ^ Georgy, Michael (2021-01-23). "'Choose - I kill you or rape you': abuse accusations surge in Ethiopia's war". Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on 2021-02-01. Retrieved 2021-02-01.
  4. ^ a b "Ethiopia: Tigray leader urges PM Abiy to 'stop the madness'". Deutsche Welle. 2020-11-30. Archived from the original on 2021-02-02. Retrieved 2021-02-02.
  5. ^ a b c "A Joint Press Release by Tigray Independence Party (TIP), Salsay Weyane Tigray (SAWET), and National Congress of Great Tigray (Baytona) on the Current Situation in Tigray". Eritrea Hub. 2021-02-02. Archived from the original on 2021-02-02. Retrieved 2021-02-02.
  6. ^ "Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 85 – 16 February 2021" (PDF). Europe External Programme with Africa. 2021-02-16. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-02-16. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
  7. ^ a b c "'We'll be left without families': Fear in Ethiopia's Tigray". Associated Press. 2021-02-11. Archived from the original on 2021-02-12. Retrieved 2021-02-12.
  8. ^ a b "Ethiopia's Tigray crisis: How a soldier survived an 11-hour gun battle". BBC News. 2020-12-10. Archived from the original on 2020-12-10. Retrieved 2020-12-11.
  9. ^ a b "Victim list – Tghat". Tghat. 2021-02-02. Archived from the original on 2021-02-02. Retrieved 2021-02-02.
  10. ^ https://www.eepa.be//wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Situation-Report-EEPA-Horn-No.-42-31-December-2020.pdf
  11. ^ https://www.eepa.be//wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Situation-Report-EEPA-Horn-No.-47-6-January-2021.pdf
  12. ^ "Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 86 – 17 February 2021" (PDF). Europe External Programme with Africa. 2021-02-17. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-02-17. Retrieved 2021-02-17.
  13. ^ a b c Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (2021-01-18). "Brief Monitoring Report on the Situation of Civilians in Humera, Dansha and Bissober". Archived from the original on 2021-01-20. Retrieved 2021-01-20.
  14. ^ a b "Ethiopia Map (@MapEthiopia)". Nitter. Retrieved Apr 23, 2021.
  15. ^ Walsh, Declan; Marks, Simon (2020-12-03). "From Shelled Ethiopian City, Doctors Tally Deaths and Plead for Help". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2021-02-02. Retrieved 2021-02-02.
  16. ^ "Debretsion faces rough road ahead as Tigray State President". Addis Fortune. 2020-09-24. Archived from the original on 2020-12-16. Retrieved 2020-12-16.
  17. ^ a b c "Rapid Investigation into Grave Human Rights Violations in Maikadra: Preliminary Findings" (Digital report). Addis Ababa: Ethiopian Human Rights Commission. 24 November 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-11-25. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  18. ^ a b c "EHRCO Preliminary Investigation Report on Major Human Rights Violations in and around Maikadra" (PDF). Ethiopian Human Rights Council. 2020-12-25. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-12-25. Retrieved 2021-01-20.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i Nyssen, Jan (2021). "The situation in Tigray at the beginning of 2021". ResearchGate. Archived from the original on 2021-01-14. Retrieved 2021-01-14.
  20. ^ Brown, Will (23 November 2020). "After the bombs they attacked with knives, claim Ethiopians fleeing peace prize winner's war". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2020-11-24. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  21. ^ Akinwotu, Emmanuel (2020-12-02). "'I saw people dying on the road': Tigray's traumatised war refugees". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2020-12-02. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
  22. ^ Latif Dahir, Abdi (2020-12-09). "Fleeing Ethiopians Tell of Ethnic Massacres in Tigray War". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2020-12-09. Retrieved 2020-12-09.
  23. ^ "Ethiopia: Investigation reveals evidence that scores of civilians were killed in massacre in Tigray state". Amnesty International. 12 November 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-11-21. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  24. ^ Khalid Abdelaziz, El Tayeb Siddig (13 November 2020). "Ethiopians fleeing to Sudan describe air strikes and machete killings in Tigray". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2020-11-26. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  25. ^ Schipani, Andres (2020-12-04). "Refugees flee Ethiopia's brutal war with tales of atrocities on both sides". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2020-12-04. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  26. ^ Abuelgasim, Fay; el-Mofty, Nariman; Anna, Cara (2020-12-12). "Shadowy Ethiopian massacre could be tip of the iceberg". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2020-12-12. Retrieved 2020-12-12. It's possible that civilians from both ethnicities were targeted in Mai-Kadra, Amnesty now says.
  27. ^ "A preliminary report on an Adi Hageray Massacre". Tghat. 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-03-19. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
  28. ^ https://www.eepa.be//wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Situation-Report-EEPA-Horn-No.-3-19-November-2020-1.pdf
  29. ^ "Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 51 – 10 January 2021" (PDF). Europe External Programme with Africa. 2021-01-10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-01-11. Retrieved 2021-01-11.
  30. ^ Marks, Simon; Walsh, Declan (2020-12-28). "Refugees Come Under Fire as Old Foes Fight in Concert in Ethiopia". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2020-12-28. Retrieved 2021-01-12.
  31. ^ Anna, Cara (2020-12-30). "Aid group says colleague 'murdered' in Ethiopia's conflict". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2021-01-12. Retrieved 2021-01-12.
  32. ^ "Ethiopia - Tigray Region Humanitarian Update – Situation Report Last updated: 6 Jan 2021". United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 2021-01-06. Archived from the original on 2021-01-13. Retrieved 2021-01-12.
  33. ^ a b Zelalem, Zecharias; Brown, Will (2021-01-08). "Eritrea's brutal shadow war in Ethiopia laid bare". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2021-01-10. Retrieved 2021-01-10.
  34. ^ "Ethiopia says it captured Tigrayan town of Adigrat". Al Jazeera English. 2020-11-21. Archived from the original on 2021-01-14. Retrieved 2021-01-14.
  35. ^ "Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 53 – 12 January 2021" (PDF). Europe External Programme with Africa. 2021-01-12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-01-12. Retrieved 2021-01-13.
  36. ^ Hochet-Bodin, Noé (2021-01-18). "'Les gens meurent de faim' : en Ethiopie, le Tigré au bord du désastre humanitaire" ['People are dying of hunger': in Ethiopia, Tigray is on the verge of a humanitarian disaster]. Le Monde (in French). Archived from the original on 2021-01-18. Retrieved 2021-01-18.
  37. ^ "The massacre in Axum". Amnesty International. 2021-02-26. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-02-26. Retrieved 2021-02-27.
  38. ^ "Ethiopia: Eritrean Forces Massacre Tigray Civilians". Human Rights Watch. 2021-03-05. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2021-03-09.
  39. ^ "Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 31 – 20 December" (PDF). Europe External Programme with Africa. 2020-12-20. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-01-14. Retrieved 2021-01-14. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 2021-01-12 suggested (help)
  40. ^ https://www.eepa.be//wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Situation-Report-EEPA-Horn-No.-17-05-December.pdf
  41. ^ K. Tesfay, Mehari (2021-02-10). "The Goda massacre: The story of three brothers". Tghat. Archived from the original on 2021-02-13. Retrieved 2021-02-13.
  42. ^ "Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 72 – 31 January 2021" (PDF). Europe External Programme with Africa. 2021-01-31. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-01-31. Retrieved 2021-02-01.
  43. ^ Anna, Cara (2020-01-25). "Witnesses: Eritrean soldiers loot, kill in Ethiopia's Tigray". The Washington Post. AP. Archived from the original on 2021-01-26. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
  44. ^ https://www.eepa.be//wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Situation-Report-EEPA-Horn-No.-24-13-Dec_2020.pdf
  45. ^ a b "Massacres in Bora Selewa and Debre Abay". Tghat. 2021-01-12. Archived from the original on 2021-02-09. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
  46. ^ "A graphic footage of the Debre Abay massacre: What do we know about it?". Tghat. 2021-02-08. Archived from the original on 2021-02-09. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
  47. ^ "Ethiopia Map". Nitter. 2021-02-09. Retrieved 2021-02-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  48. ^ "A massacre in Debano, Werki Amba, Tembien, Tigray". Tghat. 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-03-19. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
  49. ^ "Evidence suggests Ethiopian military carried out massacre in Tigray". BBC News. 2021-04-01. Archived from the original on 2021-04-02. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
  50. ^ "Mahbere Dego: Clues to a Clifftop Massacre in Ethiopia". Bellingcat. 2021-04-01. Archived from the original on 2021-04-02. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
  51. ^ Lambruschi, Paolo (2021-02-14). "Ecco i massacri nel Tigrai. Testimoni: preti e civili orrendamente trucidati" [Tigray massacres. Witnesses: priests and civilians horribly massacred]. Avvenire (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-02-16. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  52. ^ a b "Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 84 – 15 February 2021" (PDF). Europe External Programme with Africa. 2021-02-14. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-02-14. Retrieved 2021-02-14.
  53. ^ Kassa, Lucy (2021-04-07). "'Their bodies were torn into pieces': Ethiopian and Eritrean troops accused of massacre in Tigray". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2021-04-07. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
  54. ^ "Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 90 – 23 February 2021" (PDF). Europe External Programme with Africa. 2021-02-23. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-02-23. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
  55. ^ a b Sparks, John (2021-03-17). "Ethiopia: Hundreds executed, thousands homeless - the human cost of fighting in Tigray". Sky News. Archived from the original on 2021-03-17. Retrieved 2021-03-17.
  56. ^ "Situation Report EEPA HORN No. 96 – 03 March 2021" (PDF). Europe External Programme with Africa. 2021-03-03. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-03-03. Retrieved 2021-03-04.
  57. ^ "Ethiopia Map". Telegram. Retrieved Apr 23, 2021.
  58. ^ https://www.eepa.be//wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Situation-Report-EEPA-Horn-No.-102-12-March-2021.pdf
  59. ^ https://bgdsearches.com/2021/03/11/shooting-today-rt-yonigussie-reports-over-100-youths-were-executed-in-enkikumel-a-town-situated-btw-shire-and-endabaguna-ethiopian-and-e/
  60. ^ "Ethiopia Map". Telegram. Retrieved Apr 23, 2021.
  61. ^ "Ethiopia Map". Telegram. Retrieved Apr 23, 2021.
  62. ^ "Ethiopia Map". Telegram. Retrieved Apr 23, 2021.
  63. ^ Kleijer, Karline (2021-03-24). "Ethiopia: MSF staff attacked after witnessing killings by soldiers in Tigray – At least four men were dragged off public buses and executed". Médecins Sans Frontières. Archived from the original on 2021-03-24. Retrieved 2021-03-25.
  64. ^ "EEPA No. 111 – 25 March 2021" (PDF). Europe External Programme with Africa. 2021-03-25. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-03-24. Retrieved 2021-03-25.
  65. ^ https://www.eepa.be//wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Situation-Report-EEPA-Horn-No.-114-29-March-2021.docx.pdf
  66. ^ https://nitter.fdn.fr/MapEthiopia/status/1378715201529208833#r
  67. ^ "EEPA Situation Report No. 120 – 6 April 2021" (PDF). Europe External Programme with Africa. 2021-04-06. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-04-05. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
  68. ^ https://www.eepa.be//wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Situation-Report-EEPA-Horn-No.-121-07-April-2021.docx.pdf
  69. ^ a b c https://www.eepa.be//wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Situation-Report-EEPA-Horn-No.-123-09-April-2021.pdf
  70. ^ a b c d https://www.eepa.be//wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Situation-Report-EEPA-Horn-No.-125-13-April-2021.pdf
  71. ^ "Situation Report EEPA Horn 17 November 2020" (PDF). EEPA.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  72. ^ "Situation Report EEPA Horn No. 6 24 November" (PDF). Europe External Programme with Africa.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  73. ^ "Tigray force: Ethiopia mechanised division 'completely destroyed'". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2021-02-10.
  74. ^ "Situation Report EEPA Horn No. 8 26 November" (PDF). Europe External Programme with Africa.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  75. ^ "Situation Report EEPA Horn No. 18 07 December" (PDF). Europe External Programme with Africa.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casualties_of_the_Tigray_War&oldid=1019511115"