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Joseph Whitty

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  • Comment: If there were an article about that particular hunger strike or a list of IRA members who died on hunger strike, then his name could redirect there, but he does not merit a standalone article. Clarityfiend (talk) 10:01, 14 July 2021 (UTC)

Michael Joseph (Joe) Whitty (1904 - 2 August 1923) was the youngest (19 years of age) of the 22 Irish republicans who died while on Hunger strike in the 20th century.[1]

Background, IRA membership, Arrest and Internment

Whitty was born in 1904 in Wexford town, Ireland was a Volunteer (Irish republican) in the Irish Republican Army (IRA}, upon his arrest he independently started a Hunger Strike and was the first of three IRA men to die on hunger strike in 1923 (Denny Barry, County Cork, died 20 November 1923 and Andy O'Sullivan (Irish Republican), County Cavan, died 23 November 1923). Whitty was the fifth Irish republican to die on hunger strike since 1917.[2]

Whitty served in the South Wexford Brigade of the IRA during the Irish War of Independence (1919 to 1921) and after the signing of the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty he joined the anti treaty side in the Irish Civil War.

In late October 1922 Whitty was arrested (he was never charged or convicted of any crime) in a round up of dissidents and was interned by Irish Free State troops initially at Wexford Prison and from there was transferred to the Curragh Camp.[3]

Independent Hunger Strike, Death & News Embargo

While at the Curragh Camp IRA Volunteer Whitty decided to independently start a hunger strike and died as a result on 2 August 1923 at the Curragh Camp hospital.[4] Due to the newly formed Irish Free State governments news embargo on conditions in the prisons at that time, very little was published on Whitty's motivations and the circumstances of his hunger strike and death (including the number of days of his strike).[5] Earlier, high profile hunger strike deaths - Thomas Ashe, President of the Irish Republican Brotherhood in 1917 and Terence MacSwiney, Lord Mayor of Cork in 1920) brought international attention to the Republicans cause.[6] The Irish Governments news embargo prevented the embarrassment of having to publicly announce the death (by hunger strike) of a 19 year old internee. "From 1922 hunger strikes were of value only when a Government was likely to be embarrassed sufficiently by the death of a prisoner."[7] With the ending of a mass hunger strike in late November 1923, the news embargo was relaxed. The late November 1923 deaths of Barry and O'Sullivan were widely reported in the media while Whitty's earlier death (August 1923) remained largely unreported.[8]

Mass Hunger Strikes

After Volunteer Whitty's non sanctioned hunger strike and death, Michael Kilroy, the Officer Commanding (OC) of IRA prisoners in Mountjoy Prison announced that 300 men would go on hunger strike (on 13th October 1923). By late 1923, thousands of Irish republican prisoners were on hunger strike in multiple prisons/internment camps across Ireland. The mass hunger strikes of October/November 1923 saw around 8,000 of the 12,000 republican prisoners (opposed to the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty) on hunger strikes in Irish prisons, protesting internment without charge/trial, poor prison conditions and demanding immediate release of all political prisoners.[9] Previously, the Irish Free State government had passed a motion outlawing the release of prisoners on hunger strike.[10]

With the death of Whitty and two other recent Irish republican hunger strikers: Michael Fitzgerald (Irish republican) (d.17 October 1920) and Joe Murphy (Irish republican) (d.25 October 1920) and the large numbers of Irish republicans prisoners on hunger strike, at the end of October 1923 the Irish Free State Government sent a delegation to speak with IRA leadership. On 23 November 1923 the hunger strike was called off (O'Sullivan had died the previous day) eventually setting off a release program for many of the prisoners, but some were not released until as late as 1932.[11][12] The mass hunger strike of 1923 lasted for 41 days and "met with little success".[13]

Burial & Annual Commemoration

Michael Joseph Whitty is buried at Ballymore Cemetery Killinick, County Wexford, Ireland. The inscription on his grave reads: "In Memory of Joseph Whitty, Connolly St, Wexford. South Wexford Brigade who died for Ireland 2nd August 1923".[14]

The Sinn Fein Cumann (Association) in Wexford City is named after Joe Whitty. The annual Joe Whitty Commemoration is held each year on Easter Saturday evening in Ballymore, County Wexford.

Hunger Strike Memorial in Dublin’s Glasnevin Cemetery

References

  1. ^ "The Civil War". rootsireland.ie. roots ireland. Retrieved 29 August 2021. Joe Whitty aged 19 who died on hunger-strike
  2. ^ "hunger-strike-roll-of-honour". Republican SINN FÉIN Poblachtach. 6 May 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2021.
  3. ^ Flynn, Barry, (2011), Pawns in the Game, The Collins Press, Cork, pg 82, ISBN-13:9781848891166
  4. ^ MacEoin, Uinseann (1997), The IRA in the twilight years 1923-1948, Argenta Publications, Dublin, pg. 81, ISBN 100951117246
  5. ^ Flynn, pg 82,
  6. ^ "Captive Sinn Fein Leader Starves Himself to Death". New York Times. New York. 27 September 1917. Retrieved 29 August 2021.
  7. ^ McGuffin, John, (1973) Internment, Tralee, Anvil Books, pg 137
  8. ^ Healy, James. (1982), “The Civil War Hunger-Strike: October 1923.” Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, vol. 71, no. 283, pg. 223. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/30090444. Accessed 6 Aug. 2021.
  9. ^ Sweeney, George. (1993), “Irish Hunger Strikes and the Cult of Self-Sacrifice.” Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 28, no. 3, pg. 421–437. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/260640. Accessed 29 May 2021.
  10. ^ "The Forgotten Hunger Strikes". hungerstrikes.org. 1 March 1996. Retrieved 29 August 2021.
  11. ^ "Remembering the Past: Post-Civil War hunger-strikes". An Phoblacht. Dublin. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  12. ^ McCarthy, Pat, (2015), The Irish Revolution, 1912-1923, Four Courts Press, Dublin, p.132, ISBN 978-1-84682-410-4
  13. ^ O’Donnell, Peadar (1932), The Gates Flew Open, Jonathan Cape Ltd, London, Library of Congress HV9650.D7 O3, pg. 197
  14. ^ "Michael Joseph Whitty (1905-1923) - Find a Grave". www.findagrave.com. Retrieved 4 August 2021.

Further reading

  • Durney J., (2011), The Civil War in Kildare, Mercier Press Ltd, Dublin, ISBN-10: 1856357570
  • McConville, Sean, (2014) Irish Political Prisoners 1920–1962, Pilgrimage to Desolation, Taylor & Francis Publishers, Oxfordshire, UK ISBN 1000082741
  • O'Malley, Padraig (1990) Biting at the Grave, Beacon Press, Boston ISBN 0-8070-0208-9)

Categories

Category: Irish prisoners who died on hunger strike Category: Irish Republican Army (1919–1922) members Category: Censorship Category: Journalism

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