Spider-Man

Spider-Man
File:Amazingspiderman50.jpg Cover art for The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 2, #50 (April 2003), by J. Scott Campbell and Tim Townsend
Publication information
Publisher	Marvel Comics
First appearance	Amazing Fantasy #15 (Aug. 1962)
Created by	Stan Lee Steve Ditko
In-story information
Alter ego	Peter Benjamin Parker
Team affiliations	New Avengers, The Daily Bugle, Secret Avengers, "New Fantastic Four"
Notable aliases	Ricochet, Dusk, Prodigy, Hornet, Captain Universe, Ben Reilly
Abilities	Superhuman strength, speed, stamina, agility, reflexes; ability to stick to solid surfaces; clairvoyant "spider-sense"; night vision; healing factor; toxic stingers that extend from forearms; ability to produce both organic and synthetic spider-webbing

Spider-Man (Peter Parker) is a Marvel Comics superhero character created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. Since his incarnation and first appearance in Amazing Fantasy #15 (Aug. 1962),he has become one of the world's most popular, enduring and recognizable superheroes.

When Spider-Man first saw print in the 1960s, teenage characters in superhero comic books were usually sidekicks. The Spider-Man series broke ground by featuring a hero who himself was an adolescent, to whose "self-obsessions with rejection, inadequacy, and loneliness" young readers could relate.^[1] Spider-Man has since appeared in various media including several animated and live-action television series, syndicated newspaper comic strips and a successful series of films.

Marvel has published several Spider-Man comic book series, the first being The Amazing Spider-Man. Over the years, the Peter Parker character has developed from shy high school student to troubled college student to a married teacher and a member of the Avengers.

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Accounts of Spider-Man's creation have Stan Lee, Steve Ditko (the official creators), Jack Kirby, and Joe Simon claiming varying amounts of credit for the character.

Stan Lee said in the 1980s that the idea for Spider-Man arose from a surge in teenage demand for comic books, and the desire to create a character with which teens could identify. In his autobiography, Lee cites the non-superhuman pulp magazine crime fighter The Spider as an influence.^[2] In the documentary Stan Lee's Mutants, Monsters and Marvels and elsewhere, Lee says he was inspired by seeing a fly climb up a wall, although he adds that he has told the story of Spider-Man's origins so often he has become unsure of whether or not it is true.^[3] Lee approached Marvel publisher Martin Goodman to seek approval for the character. In a 1986 interview with the Detroit News, he described in detail his arguments to overcome Goodman's objections.^[1a]

Jack Kirby, in a 1982 interview, claimed Lee had minimal involvement in the character's creation, and that it had originated with Kirby and Joe Simon, who in the 1950s had proposed a character called The Silver Spider for the Crestwood comic Black Magic until the publisher went out of business. ^[1a]

Simon, in his 1990 autobiography, disputes Kirby's account, asserting that the supernatural anthology Black Magic was not a factor, and that he (Simon) devised the name "Spiderman" (later changed to "The Silver Spider"), while Kirby outlined the character's story and powers.

Comics historian Greg Theakston says that Lee, after receiving Goodman's approval for the name Spider-Man and the "ordinary teen" concept, approached Kirby. Kirby told Lee about his 1950s Silver Spider/Spiderman, in which an orphaned boy living with an old couple finds a magic ring that gives him superpowers. Lee and Kirby "immediately sat down for a story conference" and Lee afterward directed Kirby to flesh out the character and draw some pages. "A day or two later", Kirby showed Lee the first six pages, and, as Lee recalled, "I hated the way he was doing it. Not that he did it badly — it just wasn't the character I wanted; it was too heroic".^[4] Joe Simon concurs that Kirby showed the original Spiderman version to Lee, who liked the idea and gave Kirby the assignment, but who ultimately disliked the results — in Simon's description, "Captain America with cobwebs".^[1b]

Lee turned to artist Steve Ditko, who had originally been scheduled to ink the new character. Ditko developed a visual motif Lee found satisfactory, although Lee ironically later replaced Ditko's cover with one penciled by Kirby. As Ditko recalled:

"The Spider-Man pages Stan showed me were nothing like the (eventually) published character. In fact, the only drawings of Spider-Man were on the splash [page, e.g., page 1] and at the end. At the end, Kirby had the guy leaping at you with a web gun... Anyway, the first five pages took place in the home, and the kid finds a ring and turns into Spider-Man.^[5]

Joe Simon later elaborated that his and Kirby's Silver Spider became the basis for Simon's Archie Comics character The Fly, introduced in early 1959. Simon says Ditko recognized that Kirby's Spiderman was highly similar to the Fly, and designed his own original version, which Lee dubbed Spider-Man.^[1c] Ditko's recollections in Comic Book Artist #3 (Winter 1999) were similar. Much earlier, in a rare contemporaneous account, Ditko described his and Lee's contributions in a mail interview with Gary Martin published in Comic Fan #2 (Summer 1965): "Stan Lee thought the name up. I did costume, web gimmick on wrist & spider signal".^[6] Additionally, Ditko shared a Manhattan studio with noted fetish artist Eric Stanton, an art-school classmate^[7] who, in a 1988 interview with Theakston, recalled that although his contribution to Spider-Man was "almost nil", he and Ditko had "worked on storyboards together and I added a few ideas. But the whole thing was created by Steve on his own... I think I added the business about the webs coming out of his hands".^[8]

According to Tom DeFalco in his book, Spiderman: The Ultimate Guide, "When Stan [Lee] learned that Amazing Adult Fantasy was about to be canceled, he dropped a word out of the title and put Spidey on the cover. He figured that even Martin [Goodman] wouldn't care if the web-swinger was a failure." Spider-Man was introduced in Amazing Fantasy #15, 1962. Due to positive sales and fan mail resulting from the issue, the character received his own title, The Amazing Spider-Man, the following year, which became Marvel's best-selling series.^[9] The character quickly became a cultural icon; a 1965 Esquire poll of college campuses found that college students ranked Spider-Man and fellow Marvel hero The Hulk alongside Bob Dylan and Che Guevara as their favorite revolutionary icons. One interviewee selected Spider-Man because he was "beset by woes, money problems, and the question of existence. In short, he is one of us".^[10] Following Ditko's departure after issue #39, John Romita, Sr. became the character's next-most-associated signature artist, penciling the character over the several following years.

An early 1970s Spider-Man story led to the revision of the Comics Code. Previously, it was taboo to depict illegal drugs, even negatively. However, in 1970 the Nixon administration's Department of Health, Education, and Welfare asked Stan Lee to run an anti-drug message in one of Marvel's top-selling titles.^[11] Lee chose the top-selling The Amazing Spider-Man; issues #96–98 (May–July 1971) feature a story arc that shows the negative effects of drug abuse. In the story, Peter Parker's friend Harry Osborn starts taking pills and becomes so ill that when Spider-Man fights the Green Goblin (Norman Osborn), Spider-Man defeats Norman by simply showing him his sick son. While the story had a clear anti-drug message, the Comics Code Authority refused to issue its seal of approval. Marvel nevertheless sold the three issues without the Comics Code Authority's approval or seal and sold so well that the industry's self-censorship was undercut.^[11]

In 1972, a second monthly ongoing series starring Spider-Man began: Marvel Team-Up, in which Spider-Man is paired with other superheroes. In 1976, his second solo series, Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man began, running parallel to the main series; a third solo series, Web of Spider-Man, launched in 1985, replacing Marvel Team-Up. The launch of a fourth monthly title in 1990, written and drawn by popular artist Todd McFarlane, debuted with multiple variant covers and sold in excess of three million copies of its premiere issue, an industry record at the time.^[12] There have generally been at least two ongoing Spider-Man series at any time, with a typical minimum of four comics starring the character published each month. Several limited series, one-shots and loosely related comics have also been published, and Spider-Man makes frequent cameos and guest appearances in other comic series.

Spider-Man has become Marvel's flagship character, and is often seen as an image representing the entire company. When Marvel became the first comic book company to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1991, the Wall Street Journal announced "Spider-man is coming to Wall Street"; the event was in turn promoted with an actor in a Spider-Man costume accompanying Stan Lee to the Stock Exchange.^[13] When Marvel wanted to issue a story dealing with the immediate aftermath of the September 11th, 2001 attacks, the company settled on the December 2001 issue of The Amazing Spider-Man.^[14] In 2006, Spider-Man garnered major media coverage with the revealing of the character's secret identity,^[15] an event detailed in a full-page story in the New York Post before the issue containing the story was even released.^[16]

In 1999, after a decline in sales that began with the clone storyline, John Byrne revised the origin of Spider-Man in Spider-Man: Chapter One, just as he earlier reinvented Superman's origin in The Man of Steel. The changes were mentioned in the contemporary comics (which Byrne co-wrote with Howard Mackie), but the attempt was not popular and Marvel writers returned to the Lee/Ditko origin.

The publisher relaunched The Amazing Spider-Man and Peter Parker: Spider-Man with new #1 issues and canceled The Sensational Spider-Man Vol. 1 and The Spectacular Spider-Man Vol. 1.

As of the beginning of 2007, Spider-Man regularly appears in The Amazing Spider-Man, New Avengers, The Sensational Spider-Man, Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man, Spider-Man Family, Spider-Man Loves Mary Jane, The Amazing Spider-Girl, Ultimate Spider-Man, Marvel Adventures Spider-Man, Marvel Adventures: The Avengers and the limited series Spider-Man: Reign, Ultimate Power and Civil War.

It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article. (Discuss)

Peter Benjamin Parker is the son of Richard and Mary Parker, who worked as S.H.I.E.L.D. agents, and were killed on a mission involving an impersonator of the Red Skull. The infant Peter Parker is left in the care of his Uncle Ben and Aunt May Parker, who live in the Forest Hills neighborhood of Queens, New York. The aging couple love Peter, but he grows to be unpopular among his peers. Between an uncle who is too old to join him in physical activities and an aunt over-protective of the orphaned child, Peter gravitates to more non-physical hobbies such as photography and home chemistry, encouraged in these endevours by his guardians. Over time, he grows to be a lonely, timid but exceptionally bright teenager who shows more interest in his studies (especially science, which he has an affinity for that is nothing short of genius) than in any kind of social life. He is often the target of jokes by more popular students like Flash Thompson, the high school's star athlete.

Spider-Man's origin story is told in the first 12 pages of Amazing Fantasy #15. Peter Parker attends a science exhibition where he is bitten by a radioactive spider. The spider bite gives Peter an array of spider-like powers, including wall-crawling, superhuman strength, speed and agility, and an extra-sensory "spider-sense". Peter initially sets out to find fame and fortune, winning a match in a makeshift disguise against professional wrestler Crusher Hogan. He attempts to interest a television network in the idea of featuring him as a costumed hero (with the advantage that he can actually do the things his character can), and creates the SpiderMan name, costume, and web-shooters. After quickly becoming a minor celebrity, Peter appears on a television special, but afterward allows a thief to escape the TV station, asserting that it isn't his problem. He comes to regret his inaction when he finds out that the same burglar subsequently killed his Uncle Ben.

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Realizing that he could have prevented his uncle's death, the guilt-ridden Peter commits to a life of crimefighting and lifesaving, driven by his uncle's words, "With great power there must also come great responsibility" (the phrase is often shortened to: "With great power comes great responsibility"). This disarming mix of selfless obligation and self-recrimination brought about by his uncle's death arguably makes up Spider-Man's moral core.

In the earliest Spider-Man stories, Peter Parker attends Midtown High School. After his uncle's death, he and his aunt become desperate for money, so he gets a job as a photographer at the Daily Bugle selling photos to J. Jonah Jameson. Peter dates co-worker Betty Brant and clashes with his high school rival Flash Thompson (whose girlfriend, Liz Allen, he informally tutors). He encounters many of his most famous enemies for the first time during this period.

Peter graduates from high school and enrolls at Empire State University, where he meets Harry Osborn and Gwen Stacy. His aunt introduces him to Mary Jane Watson, whom he dates for a short time, but Peter soon falls in love with Gwen. Meanwhile, Harry becomes Peter's roommate and best friend, but starts using illegal drugs.

Harry's father, Norman Osborn, is revealed to be the Green Goblin and discovers Spider-Man's secret identity. After her father is killed in a battle between Spider-Man and Doctor Octopus, Gwen's relationship with Peter is put on hold when she travels to England. It was later revealed in a highly controversial retcon that Gwen had an affair with Norman Osborn, and gave birth to two children while in Europe. Harry suffers a drug overdose shortly after she returns.

In The Amazing Spider-Man #121-122 (June-July 1973), while Harry is ill, the Green Goblin throws Gwen Stacy from a tower of the Brooklyn Bridge; either from shock or physical trauma during Spider-Man's rescue attempt, she dies before hitting the water. The Goblin appears to be killed himself in the ensuing battle with Spider-Man. Grieving Gwen's death, Parker withdraws from his social circle, only to find support from Mary Jane, who eventually starts dating him. Harry later discovers the truth about his father and becomes the second Green Goblin. Gwen's death has another unforeseen consequence: one of her professors, Miles Warren, clones Gwen and Peter. Both clones disappear, but Peter's clone returns years later as Ben Reilly. Later still, Mary Jane and Peter break up, as she is not ready for a committed relationship.

While pursuing his graduate studies in biochemistry at Empire State University, Peter Parker was bathed in unknown energies when an experimental generator exploded. The explosion also caused nearby power lines to overload dangerously. Changing into Spider-Man, Peter spotted a live wire falling toward a young couple. He instinctively caught the wire and was surprised when he wasn't harmed by the massive surge of electricity. Spider-Man's new powers had actually come from the Uni-Power, which comes from a mysterious extra-dimensional aspect of the Microverse known as the Enigma Force, and associated with the entity known as Captain Universe. The powers it bestowed upon Spider-Man seemed to be enhanced spider-like powers, super senses, vast power blasts, being able to form shapes from his web and manipulate them, and absolute invulnerability. These abilities allowed him to defeat a host of foes including Magneto, Gravitron, The Grey Hulk, Goliath and a mystically infused super Sentinel called The Tri-Sentinel.

See also: Symbiote; Venom

The alien costume, also known as the Black Suit, first made its appearance in sketches found in a Marvel magazine titled Marvel Age #12. These early sketches had Spider-Man in a black costume with a red spider-symbol instead of the version with the white symbol that would later be used. The first comic book appearances of the suit occurred in May of 1984 in Marvel Team-Up #141, Amazing Spider-Man #252, and Spectacular Spider-Man #90.

In these issues there was an abrupt time shift from the issues a month earlier. Spider-Man was now on Earth shortly after the events of the Secret Wars limited series had taken place even though the twelve issue Secret Wars series had just started that month. It would be months before the change to the new costume would be explained. In the Secret Wars limited series, Spider-Man is taken to an alien planet, where he participates in a battle between Earth's greatest heroes and villains. When his suit is destroyed in the fight, Peter sets out to make himself a new one and comes across a machine which conjures him a black suit that responds to his thoughts, greatly enhances his powers, provides him an unlimited supply of web-fluid, and can change its appearance at his command.

After he returns to Earth, however, Peter discovers that the costume is actually an alien symbiote bent on permanently bonding with its host. Peter eventually rejects and defeats the symbiote, but it merges with reporter Eddie Brock, becoming the villain known as Venom. Brock is imprisoned and removed from his symbiote but then escapes from prison when the symbiote returns. His cell-mate, Cletus Kasady (a serial killer), merges with an infant symbiote that Venom left behind, thus becoming another villain, Carnage.

The new symbiote Carnage was swiftly defeated and the symbiotic was apparently destroyed. Kasady was jailed at Ravencroft Asylum. However, the alien had mutated his blood, and he could generate a copy of the symbiote (this was later retconned so that the alien had survived, and bonded to his blood). Kasady escaped, freeing other superhuman inmates and assembling a 'family' of killers around him. They set their sights on New York. During the murderous onslaught that followed, Carnage recruited Shriek, Doppelganger, Demogoblin, and Carrion to do his bidding, terrorizing New York City with their twisted "family values." Spider-Man and Venom were forced to join together to stop Carnage and his followers. They required the assistance of such disparate heroes as Captain America, Black Cat, Nightwatch, Cloak and Dagger, Iron Fist, Deathlok, Morbius and Firestar. However, both infighting between the villains and a successful rout from the heroes contributed to Carnage's defeat. Venom pushed Carnage into an electrical generator and fled, leaving Carnage to be incarcerated.

Main article: Clone Saga

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One of the most controversial story-lines of the 1990s involves the Scarlet Spider, a clone of Spider-Man going by the name Ben Reilly. But later tests indicate that Reilly is the original, and Peter the clone. Mary Jane becomes pregnant with Peter's baby, while Peter retires and passes the Spider-Man identity to Reilly, who remains Spider-Man for several months until a resurrected Norman Osborn admits to having manipulated the tests. After Reilly is impaled on the Goblin's Glider while saving Peter, his body crumbles into dust, proving that he is definitively the clone. While Peter battles Osborn, the very pregnant Mary Jane is poisoned by one of Osborn's agents, causing a premature labor and what seems to be a stillbirth. Apparently, the baby is alive and stolen by the agent, Alison Mongrain.

Spider-Man was framed by Norman Osborn and the Trapster for murder of a small-time crook, leaving Spider-Man with a million-dollar reward posted for his capture. Instead of his normal costumed identity, Peter Parker adopts four other costumes with different crimefighting personas in order to stay under the radar. With two identities- the Hornet and Prodigy- posing as heroes while the other two- Dusk and Ricochet- pretending to be criminals, Peter is not only able to do good, but also gain a unique chance at getting 'in' with the criminal underworld of the time. Using his Dusk identity, he is able to provide evidence that Spider-Man hadn't killed the criminal while he uses the Prodigy identity to produce faked evidence to suggest that it was a fake Spider-Man who attacked Osborn. With the bounty removed, Peter returned to his life as Spider-Man.

During the late 1990s, in Peter Parker: Spider-Man #97, Peter learns that Aunt May was kidnapped by Osborn and that her death was a hoax. Peter rescues May, then temporarily retires as Spider-Man. Peter eventually becomes Spider-Man again while keeping it secret from Mary Jane. Shortly afterward, she is apparently murdered by a stalker.

Shortly after this point the series "The Amazing Spider-Man" enters into volume two and much of what has happened since the end of the Clone Saga is quietly retconned out of existance. Since the events are ignored moreso than they are denied or redefined, it is hard to say what from this period is and isn't canon. Mary Jane's baby and Aunt May's 'death' are two such events that seem to have never happened in retrospect.

In early 2001, Babylon 5 creator J. Michael Straczynski began writing The Amazing Spider-Man, illustrated by John Romita Jr. Straczynski and writer Paul Jenkins reunite Peter and Mary Jane, but the couple temporarily separates. Peter becomes a teacher at his old high school.

The enigmatic, wealthy CEO Ezekiel suggests that the accident giving Peter his abilities might not have been a fluke, and that Peter might have a connection to a totemic spider spirit. The vampire-like Morlun, who feeds on the powers possessed by those connected to animal totems, comes to New York and severely beats Spider-Man. However, Peter injects himself with a radioactive material, making himself "impure" and weakening the villain, who is then killed by his lackey. After this, May discovers Peter is Spider-Man, leading to a new openness in their relationship; Peter is happy to be honest with his aunt at last, while May struggles to accept Peter's life as Spider-Man and give him her support. Soon, following a battle with the mystical spider wasp being Shathra, Peter and Mary Jane reconcile.

The companion series Peter Parker: Spider-Man was relaunched as The Spectacular Spider-Man Vol. 2. Here Spider-Man battles Venom (Eddie Brock), who is revealed to be dying of cancer. An encounter with the Green Goblin leaves Peter's friend Flash Thompson comatose with severe brain damage and results in a truce that ends when Osborn resumes his murderous ways in the series The Pulse and Marvel Knights Spider-Man.

After The Amazing Spider-Man Vol. 2 #58, the series returned to its original numbering at #500 (Dec. 2003). Peter works as a science teacher at Midtown High School until 2004, when the character undergoes a major life change following the destruction of Peter's apartment and Aunt May's house by a deranged and super-powered former high-school classmate, Charlie Weiderman. Peter, by now a member of the Avengers, moves Aunt May, Mary Jane and himself into that superhero team's headquarters, Tony Stark's Stark Tower. Peter works as Stark's assistant while again freelancing for The Daily Bugle and continuing his work as a teacher at Midtown High School.

Main article: Spider-Man: The Other

In the 12-part 2005 story "The Other," which spans the three main Spider-Man titles, Spider-Man undergoes a transformation that evolves his powers (see below), which further connect him to the spider totem and lays the foundation for further developments. After his return, Tony Stark makes him a new costume.

Main article: Civil War

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In the 2006 crossover Civil War, the Marvel heroes find themselves divided on the issue of whether to register with the U.S. government under the Superhuman Registration Act. Tony Stark (Iron Man) drafts a conflicted Spider-Man into a task-force to compel the rebel superheroes to register. Following Stark's lead, he unmasks himself at a televised news conference at the U.S. Capitol.^[17] In the aftermath, J. Jonah Jameson files a lawsuit against Parker, demanding repayment of money for "fraudulent" Spider-Man photos Parker shot for the Daily Bugle. After developing a growing unease about the Registration Act, Stark's motives, and witnessing the death of Dr. Bill Foster, known variously as Black Goliath, Spider-Man learns that the unregistered captives are being held for life in a prison built in the Negative Zone by Fantastic Four Incorporated and Stark Enterprises with a US$2 billion no-bid contract.

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This prompts Peter to disagree with Stark's actions, but as he attempts surreptitiously to leave his home at Stark Tower along with Aunt May and Mary Jane, Iron Man, discovering this, confronts him. Now revolting against Iron Man and his Pro-Registration Campaign, Spider Man flees the Stark Tower, and rushes into the sewers for temporary cover, knowing Aunt May and Mary Jane are safe, until he's ambushed by the Jester and Jack O'Lantern, two of the super villains enlisted by Director of S.H.I.E.L.D. Maria Hill to hunt down the anti-registration superheroes. The two villains nearly kill the hero but they are both shot dead by the Punisher, who rescues Spider-Man and brings him to the headquarters of the Secret Avengers for medical treatment, knowing Spider-Man has now switched sides. As of now, Spider-Man has again gone public on television, formally announcing his reversal of support for the Registration Act and revealing the existence of the prison within the Negative Zone. The public has discounted his claims, and Tony Stark now considers him as a traitor and has ordered his forces to hunt him down. The Kingpin, meanwhile, has put out a hit on him, and an assassin is currently targeting Mary Jane and Aunt May while Spider-Man takes part in the final battle of the Civil War, supporting Captain America.

During the final battle, spider-man shows his prowess. However, right when Captain America's team is winning he realizes how rash they were and surrenders. Spider-man now leads the underground movement against the hero initiative.

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A bite from an irradiated spider causes a variety of changes in Peter Parker's body, giving him superpowers. In the original Lee-Ditko stories, Spider-Man has the ability to cling to walls, superhuman strength, a sixth sense ("spider-sense") that alerts him to danger, perfect balance and equilibrium, as well as superhuman speed and agility. In story-lines published in 2005 and 2006 (such as The Other), he develops additional spider-like abilities including biological web-shooters, toxic stingers that extend from his forearms, and night vision. Spider-Man's strength and speed have also increased beyond his original limits.

Peter Parker is highly intelligent, near genius level, and uses his wits in addition to his powers. Besides outsmarting his foes, he constructs many devices that complement his powers, most notably mechanical web-shooters (ejecting an advanced adhesive compound which dissolves after two hours^[18]), which he developed in his teenage years. They are capable of releasing web-fluid in a variety of configurations, including a single strand to swing from, a net, and a simple glob to foul machinery or blind an opponent. He can also weave the web material into simple forms like a shield, a spherical protection or hemi-spherical barrier, a club, or a hang-glider wing. Other equipment includes spider-tracers (spider-shaped adhesive homing beacons keyed to his own spider-sense), a light beacon which can either be used as a flashlight or project a "Spider-Signal" design, a specially modified camera that can take pictures automatically, and the Spider-Mobile (equipped with large web-shooters, and able to drive up walls and disguise itself as an ordinary car). He has also used an invention of Ben Reilly's, a clone of Peter Parker, called "impact webbing": a pellet that explodes on impact into a wrap-around net of webbing.

Though lacking in directed training, Spider-Man is one of the most experienced superheroes in the Marvel Universe. He has worked with virtually everyone in the superhero community at one time or another. Due to this experience, he has beaten foes with far greater powers and abilities. His fighting style is purely freestyle, which incorporates his speed, agility, strength and spider-sense. A very large part of his combat ability is improvisation and using his wits to outthink his opponents. One constant is his habit of using jokes, puns and insults. This not only causes his adversaries to become angry and distracted, but it also helps Spider-Man deal with any fears or doubts that he might have during a battle.

Spider-Man has had a few costume changes over his history, with three notable costumes -- his traditional red-and-blue costume, the black-and-white alien symbiote, and the technologically advanced Stark Armor costume designed by Tony Stark. In early comics and sporadically throughout his run depending on a given artist's interpretation, Spider-Man's costume included webbing that extended from his underarms to his torso.

Spider-Man editor Axel Alonso said in a November 2006 interview that Spider-Man will again wear his black costume beginning February 2007 partially, but not primarily, due to the third Spider-Man film.^[19] The recent tragedies of Civil War darken Spidey's demeanor, hence the change.

Spider-Man has one of the best-known rogues galleries in comics, including Hobgoblin, the Lizard, the Scorpion, Sandman, Rhino, Mysterio, the Vulture, Shocker and many others. As with Spider-Man, the majority of these villains' powers originate with scientific accidents or the misuse of scientific technology, and they tend to have animal-themed costumes or powers as well as a predominantly green color scheme which contrasts with the red in the costume of Spider-Man. At times these villains have formed groups such as the Sinister Six to oppose Spider-Man.

Spider-Man's most infamous and dangerous enemies are generally considered to be:^[20] Green Goblin, Doctor Octopus, and the Venom

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Spider-Man was conceived as an ordinary person given great power, and the comics detail his civilian life, friends, family and romances as much as his super-heroic adventures.

Some of the more important and well-known members of his extensive supporting cast include:

• Aunt May – Peter Parker's loving aunt, who raises him after his parents die. After the murder of her husband, Peter's Uncle Ben, May is virtually his only family, and they are very close.
• Gwen Stacy – Peter's college girlfriend, who is tragically murdered by the Green Goblin.
• Betty Brant - Secretary at the Daily Bugle and once was in love with Peter
• J. Jonah Jameson – the irascible publisher of the Daily Bugle newspaper. While he employed Peter Parker as a photographer for years, he is also Spider-Man's greatest critic and largely responsible for the public's distrust of the hero.
• Joseph "Robbie" Robertson – Editor-in-chief at the Daily Bugle, a moderating influence on Jameson, and a father figure to Peter after Uncle Ben's Death.
• Mary Jane Watson – originally merely Gwen Stacy's competition, MJ eventually became Peter's best friend and wife.
• Flash Thompson – Peter Parker's high school tormentor, later one of his closest friends. Due to brain damage, he suffers amnesia and regresses to his bullying personality.
• Harry Osborn – Peter's best friend in college, who eventually followed his father's footsteps and became the second Green Goblin.
• Black Cat, Felicia Hardy – a reformed cat burglar who became Spider-Man's lover and partner. Now a friend and private investigator.

In the comics, others use the Spider-Man identity. Some of these actually exist in the Marvel Universe (Earth-616):

• Ben Reilly, a clone of Peter, who also fought crime as the "Scarlet Spider".
• Mattie Franklin, the niece of J. Jonah Jameson assumes the role with a padded costume when Peter temporarily quits. She later becomes Spider-Woman for a time.
• Timespinner, a Spider-Man robot, is created by Kang the Conqueror to defeat the Avengers (Avengers vol. 1 #11). It is deactivated but later returns with the ability to drain temporal energy from people. It is destroyed by Ben Reilly and the Avengers. (Spider-Man Team-Up #4)
• The villains Chameleon, Mysterio, and Kraven the Hunter have all masqueraded as Spider-Man.
• Deadpool briefly masqueraded as Spider-Man.

Other characters have used similar themes:

• Several characters have used the Spider-Woman identity: Jessica Drew, Julia Carpenter (now called Arachne), Mattie Franklin, and Charlotte Witter. There is a version of Spider-Woman in the Ultimate Universe, a female clone of Peter Parker.
• Other clones of Peter Parker such as Kaine, the degenerated first clone, and Spidercide, the shape-shifting third clone.
• Blood Spider is an evil version of Spider-Man created by the Taskmaster and the Red Skull.
• The Spider Doppelganger is an evil version of Spider-Man created by the Magus during the Infinity War.
• Madame Web, a precognitive ally of Spider-Man and the Spider-Women.
• Ezekiel Sims has powers similar to those of Spider-Man, but mystical in origin. He is a member of the Spider Society and its front organization, WebCorps.
• Araña, a young heroine with spider powers, formerly an employee of WebCorps.
• Joe Wade, an F.B.I. agent transformed into an evil, cybernetic Scarlet Spider by Lady Octopus.
• Venom and his descendant symbiotes: Scream, Phage, Riot, Lasher, Agony, Hybrid, She-Venom, and Carnage, as well as Carnage's offspring, Toxin.

Ultimate Spider-Man is a completely separate continuity: a modernized reboot of the Spider-Man story, starting from the very beginning, with a plot that is inspired by, but very different from, the original continuity. The main purpose of the series is to be accessible to new and young readers, as it is free from the decades of history of the original, but it has been embraced by many longtime fans as well.

In Ultimate Spider-Man, Peter is a high-school student who is bitten by a spider during a school field trip -- but instead of a radioactive spider (which reflected the Atomic Age in which Spider-Man's origin was written), it is a lab subject that has been genetically modified by Osborn Industries. The themes, characterization, and setting are updated to reflect modern life. It is set in the Ultimate Marvel universe.

Other related characters exist in alternate versions of the Marvel Universe. These include:

• In the "House of M", a Marvel crossover, the Scarlet Witch alters reality to give as many people as possible their greatest desires, and creates a seemingly perfect society for every one of them. The world is ruled by mutants and their leader, Magneto. In the mini-series Spider-Man: House of M, Peter Parker is believed to be a mutant, and Spider-Man's identity is widely known. He is rich, famous and married to Gwen Stacy, and they have a young son named Ritchie. Aunt May and Uncle Ben are alive and in good health, and J. Jonah Jameson is Peter's often-abused publicist. Unfortunately, his life unravels when Jameson reveals to the world that Spider-Man is not a born mutant. After the world is restored to normal, Peter suffers terribly with the memory of the life he left behind.
• Spider-Man 2099 aka Miguel O'Hara of Marvel 2099. A geneticist, Miguel gains his powers from a gene-splicing incident.
• Spider-Man made an appearance in the third issue of Marvel's The Transformers, tying up Megatron.
• Spider-Man 2211 aka Dr. Max Borne, the Spider-Man of the year 2211, first appeared in the Spider-Man/Spider-Man 2099 one-shot. His daughter Robin is the Hobgoblin of 2211. He is later shot by an alternate version of Ben Parker.
• An alternate Spider-Man who had used his powers for fame and fortune devolves into a vicious Man-Spider, due to the removal of his Uncle Ben from that time-line he kills a number of superheroes including The Avengers.
• Peter Parquagh is a counterpart to Peter in the miniseries Marvel 1602. In the sequel, 1602: New World, he takes the identity of the Spider.
• In the series Exiles, which involves inter-dimensional travel, several alternate versions appear:
  • The Spider is an alternate-reality version of Spider-Man who has merged with the Carnage symbiote and has become a psychopathic killer. He originates from Earth-15 and is a member of Weapon X
  • Mary-Jane Watson, a.k.a. Spider-Woman, seen in Exiles issues #20-22, is part of a resistance against the techno-organic virus and heroes infected with it, including that world's Spider-Man.
  • A Spider-Man who is a member of the Fantastic Five dies in a battle against The Spider.
  • A version of Spider-Man 2099 joins the Exiles when his identity is made public.
  • Morph once fought a Demon Spider-Man on an alternate world, later on the Demon Spider-Man was viewed briefly by Mojo and Major Domo as it attacked a young couple in a parking complex.
• In the series Earth X and its sequels, Peter Parker is no longer a superhero, and has become a police officer. Three other related characters appear:
  • The Spiders Man is an enigmatic characters who makes illusions using webs that come from his sleeves. He has lumpy red skin that resembles Spider-Man's costume, and wears a tattered cloak.
  • Two alternate versions of Spider-Girl appear: one is called Venom, and the other was raised by Ben Reilly (Paradise X: Heralds).
• In the "Age of Apocalypse", Peter Parker is executed by Apocalypse's regime simply because he is a potential ally for rebel Gwen Stacy.
• Deadpool encounters a version of Spider-Man in a universe which he refers to as "an Age of Apocalypse" (not the Age of Apocalypse). That Spider-Man is Pestilence, Horseman of Apocalypse.
• Spider-Boy of the Amalgam Universe is a merged character of Spider-Man and Superboy after all characters from Marvel Comics and DC Comics are merged in Marvel vs. DC.
• Alternate versions of Spider-Man appear in a number of issues of What If..? (see List of What If? issues).
• Spider-Man: Reign, which depicts an older Spider-Man in the future, similar to The Dark Knight Returns and Kingdom Come.
• "Marvel What if?", the latest '06 issue involved a "What if?" where Peter, during "The Other" storyline, abandoned the Spider when he was given a choice. After a time the Venom symbiote left it's current host Gargan, and formed with the coccooned remains of Peter. When he came forth he was a new symbiote going under the name of Poison.

Spider-Man comics are also published under the Marvel Adventures (formerly Marvel Age) banner. These versions are intended for younger audiences and are not part of the regular continuity. Spider-Man Loves Mary Jane is similarly set outside of regular continuity.

The Spider-Girl comic book series, originally published under the MC2 imprint, features May "Mayday" Parker, Peter's daughter in an alternate continuity. This timeline diverged from regular continuity when Peter and Mary Jane's daughter is returned to them by Kaine. In Spider-Girl, Peter has been retired from crime fighting since his final battle with the Green Goblin, which cost him a leg. Peter has settled down to family life and works for the New York City Police Department as a forensic scientist. His teen daughter May follows in his footsteps against his wishes but Peter eventually helps her train for her calling. Peter appears in costume several times in Spider-Girl, either to restrain and protect May, or to assist her. Peter is among the superheroes kidnapped by Loki in the spin-off Last Hero Standing.

In the same continuity, Gerald "Gerry" Drew, the son of Jessica Drew, inherits spider-powers and poses as Spider-Man.

Spider-Man has also inspired a number of derivatives:

• Yu Komori (小森ユウ Komori Yū) in Spider-Man: The Manga by Ryoichi Ikegami.
• Takuya Yamashiro (山城拓也, Yamashiro Takuya), the Spider-Man of Spider-Man (tokusatsu), produced by Toei Company.
• Pavitr Prabhakar in the Indian adaptation of Spider-Man, Spider-Man: India, published by Gotham Entertainment Group.
• The Webslinger, Spider-Man's counterpart in the heroic fantasy version of the Marvel Universe featured in the 2000 limited series Avataars: Covenant of the Shield.
• Marvel Mangaverse Spider-Man is a version of the character re-imagined as a ninja. In that version, Peter Parker is a member of the Spider Clan and takes revenge on the evil ninja Venom for the murder of his sensei, Uncle Ben. He later trains Mary Jane Watson to become a ninja Spider-Woman.

File:Concept-art-spider-man-animated-series.jpg

Spider-Man has been adapted to television many times, as a short-lived live-action television series, a Japanese tokusatsu series, and several animated cartoon series. There were also the "Spidey Super Stories" segments on the PBS educational series The Electric Company, which featured a Spider-Man (played by Danny Seagren) who did not speak out loud but instead used only word balloons.

Spider-Man's first cartoon series ran from 1967-1970. It became known famous for its catchy theme song, which begins, "Spider-Man, Spider-Man, does whatever a spider can...."

From 1978-1979, Nicholas Hammond starred as Peter Parker in the live-action television series The Amazing Spider-Man.

Two Spider-Man cartoons aired on television in 1981: the syndicated series Spider-Man which ran for one season, and the more popular Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends, which aired on the NBC network for three seasons.

The web-swinger's longest-running show was Spider-Man: The Animated Series, which ran five seasons from 1994-1998, totaling 65 episodes, on Fox Broadcasting's afternoon programming block, "Fox Kids". That series continued as Spider-Man Unlimited the following year. In 2003, MTV aired a 13-episode Spider-Man CGI series based loosely on the film continuity, Spider-Man: The New Animated Series, developed by Mainframe Entertainment.

File:Movie poster spiderman 2.jpg

• Spider-Man: On May 3, 2002, the feature film Spider-Man was released. It was directed by Sam Raimi and stars actor Tobey Maguire as Peter Parker. The film uses various CGI effects to bring Spider-Man to life. Although the film adaptation took liberties with the character's history and powers—notably, he was bitten by a genetically modified rather than a radioactive spider, had organic web-shooters rather than mechanical ones, and had a long-standing crush on Mary Jane Watson—it was generally held to be true to the character and was widely embraced by the viewing public. It opened at a record US$114.8 million and earned more than US$403 million in the U.S. and Canada, the highest North American gross of any film released that year, though surpassed internationally (see 2002 in film). The villain of this film was the Green Goblin portrayed by Willem Dafoe.
• Spider-Man 2 was 2004's second-most financially successful movie in North America and third internationally (see 2004 in film). It premiered in more North American movie theaters (4,152) than any previous movie. Its original opening day was June 30th, 2005, but was moved to July 2nd, 2005. Its first-day gross (US$40.5 million) surpassed its predecessor's US$39.4 million record. Spider-Man 2 was also the first motion picture released in the Sony Universal Media Disc format for the PlayStation Portable, included free with the first one million PSP systems released in the United States. The villain of the film was Doctor Octopus portrayed by Alfred Molina.
  Both Spider-Man and Spider-Man 2 rank among the highest-grossing films of all time.
• Spider-Man 3 began production in 2005 under director Raimi. The studio has announced a theatrical release date of May 4, 2007, on a budget reputed to be more than US$250 million. On February 23, 2006, the first photo was shown on SuperHeroHype.com of Spider-Man in a black costume, confirmed later that day by the official movie website. The film will feature Thomas Hayden Church as the Sandman and Topher Grace as Eddie Brock Jr./Venom. Bryce Dallas Howard plays Gwen Stacy.

Spider-Man features in three original Marvel novels published in the 1970s by Pocket Books. In the 1990s, Byron Preiss published a series of novels based on Marvel Comics, edited by Keith R. A. DeCandido, and written by various authors including Adam-Troy Castro, Tom DeFalco, and Diane Duane; Preiss also published two Spider-Man short-story anthologies. Byron Preiss' license eventually lapsed, and the new licensee, Pocket Star (an imprint of Pocket Books), released Down These Mean Streets, by DeCandido, in 2005. In 2006, they released The Darkest Hours by Jim Butcher. Some of these novels were team-ups with other Marvel characters (including the X-Men, Iron Man, and the Hulk), while others were solo adventures. All were set in the comic book continuity, but are not canonical, although they have been referenced in Marvel handbooks. However, the Byron Preiss novels shared a common continuity and occasionally referenced events in earlier novels, while later novels included a time-line.

A number of Spider-Man children's books have also been published, from early readers and picture books to novels. Guide books such as DK Publishing's Spider-Man: The Ultimate Guide, by Tom DeFalco, are also common.^[21]

Spider-Man has long been the subject of a comic strip produced by Marvel and syndicated by King Features. The strip is known as The Amazing Spiderman and is the only official instance in which the name is not always hyphenated.

In 2002, the company 2MA produced the first live-action Spider-Man stunt show, staged in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The same show played at Tussauds Thorpe Park in 2003 and 2004. Spider-Man has also made stage appearances in Pantomime at the Birmingham Hippodrome Theatre, UK.

At Universal Studios in California, a musical version of Spider-Man was produced, combining singing and live action sequences. The musical re-enacted the Green Goblin arc.

Main article: Spider-Man computer and video games

File:Spiderman in San Francisco.jpg

Dozens of computer and video games starring Spider-Man, based on comics, animation, and movies, have been released for over 15 different gaming platforms. Spider-Man editions of Monopoly, chess, pinball, and many other games have also been made. Spider-Man has been included in every Marvel expansion of the tabletop miniature game Heroclix released to date. Spider-Man cards have been included in both the Overpower and VS System card games.

According to ToyFare magazine, more action figures of Spider-Man have been released than any other character except Batman. The first major Spider-Man toy was the 1966 Captain Action Spider-Man by Ideal, a costume made for the 12 inch Captain Action figure. It is estimated only 17-22 exist in the original box. ToyFare listed this Spider-Man as the most valuable action figure at $15,000 and up.

Numerous other Spider-Man action figures have been produced, from the Secret Wars line from Mattel, to the more recent from Toy Biz, (especially in the Spider-Man Classics line, Spider-Man movie lines and the Marvel Legends line). Lego and Minimates versions have also been made. Over 5000 toys, collectibles and miscellaneous memorabilia are in existence, but many are low-quality, unlicensed knock-offs.^[22]

The Spider-Man is also one of the popular Marvel character icons players make using Create-A-Wrestler mode in Smackdown vs. Raw 2007 for the Xbox 360. Along with the likes of Hulk, Gambit, DeadPool, and Captain America.

Real-life "Spider-Men" include:

• "Spider Dan" Goodwin climbed the glass of two Chicago skyscrapers, the Sears Tower and the John Hancock Center, using suction cups in 1981.

• Alain Robert, nicknamed Spiderman, is a rock and urban climber who has scaled more than 70 tall buildings using his hands and feet, without using additional devices. He sometimes wears a Spider-Man suit during his climbs. In May 2003, he was paid approximately $18,000 to climb the 312-foot Lloyd's of London building to promote the premiere of the movie Spider-Man on the British television channel Sky Movies.

• 'The Human Spider', alias Bill Strother, scaled the Lamar Building in 1921.^[23]

• Fathers 4 Justice member David Chick used a Spider-Man outfit to obtain publicity for fathers' rights.^[24]

• The catchy original Spider-Man cartoon theme song has been covered and reinterpreted by numerous musical acts, including The Ramones, Aerosmith, Michael Buble, Moxy Früvous and Tenacious D. The 2002 and 2004 movies have featured buskers performing the song; Jayce Bartok and Elyse Dinh respectively. For other versions, see: Spider-Man (1960s animation).
• In 1972, Buddah Records released "Spider-Man: From Beyond The Grave," a rock musical story LP record with an included wordless comic strip for listeners to follow. Kingpin appears as the villain and Dr. Strange guest stars.
• In 1975 Ramsey Lewis released a single titled "What's the Name of this Funk? (Spider Man)" [sic].^[25]
• In 1975 Marvel Comics and Lifesong Records released an album entitled, "Spider-Man: Rock Reflections of a Superhero." It contained songs of various styles altered to elucidate certain moments and feelings of Spider-Man's origin, such as "No One's Got a Crush on Peter" and "Peter Stays and the Spider-Man Goes" interspersed with narration clips by Stan Lee.
• In 1983, Muse Records released Woody Shaw's jazz version of "Spider-Man Blues", based on the television theme, on Shaw's "Setting Standards" album.
• In 1992, the Italian rock band 883 made it to the European charts with a song called "Hanno ucciso l'uomo ragno" (They killed Spider-Man) from an album of the same name, describing how after the death of the superhero, the streets are being overrun by gangs of stressed accountants in double-breasted suits.^[26]
• The 1993 Wu-Tang Clan song "Protect Ya Neck" includes the lyric "Swingin through your town like your neighborhood Spider-Man".
• In 1994, Joe Perry of Aerosmith wrote and performed the theme song for the Fox Kids Spider-Man animated series. Joe Perry is noted fan of Spider-Man.
• in 1998 Michale Graves wrote the song "Spider-Man" (aka The Spider-Man Song aka Spider-Man Save Me) while still in The Misfits. It is yet to be officially released, although he has played this song live in every band he's played in since. On his 2006 solo release, Return to Earth, Michale again mentions Spider-Man in the song "Butchershop".
• In 2002 Nelly performed a song called "Spida Man," on his double album Sweat/Suit.
• The 2003 "Weird Al" Yankovic album Poodle Hat has a track entitled "Ode to a Superhero". It is a parody of the Billy Joel song "Piano Man", and recounts the events of the 2002 film.
• A soundtrack album and score was released with each of the two Spider-Man films. The two soundtracks were mainly songs thematically linked to the film, performed by popular rock acts. Both soundtracks included hit singles (notably "Hero" by Chad Kroeger, "Bother" by Corey Taylor (of Stone Sour and Slipknot), and "Vindicated" by Dashboard Confessional). The two scores were composed by Danny Elfman.
• Danish pop group, Aqua, mention Spider-Man in the chorus of their single, Cartoon Heroes.
• In his 2006 album, Kingdom Come, Jay-Z raps "Peter Parker: Spider-Man, all I do is climb the charts".

Main article: Bibliography of Spider-Man titles

Spider-Man first appeared in Amazing Fantasy #15. After that, he was given his own series. Many followed, and as of July 2006, the related titles are:

• The Amazing Spider-Man #1–441, Vol. 2 #1–58, #500— (Marvel Comics; March 1963–November 1998, January 1999–December 2003, January 2004—). Written by J. Michael Straczynski, and penciled by Ron Garney.
• Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man #1— (Marvel Comics; December 2005—). Written by Peter David and penciled by Todd Nauck.
• The Sensational Spider-Man #23— (Marvel Comics; April 2006—). Written by Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa and penciled by Angel Medina.
• Spider-Man Family #1— (Marvel Comics; February 2007—), Written by Sean McKeever and penciled by various artists.
• New Avengers #1— (Marvel Comics; January 2005—, continuation of Avengers Vol. 3). Written by Brian Michael Bendis and penciled by Leinil Francis Yu.
• Astonishing Spider-Man #1— (Panini Comics/Marvel UK; Unknown month 1994—). Part of Marvel UK's "Collector Edition" line, reprinting US stories from 2–3 years earlier.

• Ultimate Spider-Man #1— (Marvel Comics/Ultimate Marvel; October 2000—), Written by Brian Michael Bendis and penciled by Mark Bagley, set in the Ultimate Marvel Universe.
• Spider-Man Loves Mary Jane #1— (Marvel Comics; December 2005—, sequel to Mary Jane and Mary Jane: Homecoming miniseries). Written by Sean McKeever and penciled by Takeshi Miyazawa. Set outside the regular Marvel Universe continuity.
• The Amazing Spider-Girl #1— (Marvel Comics; October 2006—. Written by Tom DeFalco and penciled by Ron Frenz and Sal Buscema). Set in an alternate future, starring Spider-Man's daughter.
• Marvel Adventures Spider-Man #1— (Marvel Comics/Marvel Adventures; May 2005—; continuation of Marvel Age Spider-Man). Written and penciled by various. Set during Spider-Man's high school years, but not within regular Marvel Universe continuity.
• Marvel Adventures: The Avengers #1— (Marvel Comics/Marvel Adventures; May 2006—). Written by Jeff Parker and penciled by various artists. Set at it's own continuity.

Sunday, August 20, 2006, the online-coupon company SmartSource started placeing Spider-Man comic-book reprints in several U.S. newspapers. These comics are placed in ad sections primarily on Sundays though also on other days, at the discretion of individual papers.^[27]

• Spider-Man - Spider-Man 2 - Spider-Man 3 (Film Series)
• Spider-Man computer and video games
• Spider-Man on television
• Spider-Man supporting characters
• Spider-Man villains
• Spider-Man: India
• Spider-Man storylines
• List of fictional journalists
• Spider-Man 2099

• Spider-Man's Comic Appearances
• Marvel.com Bio
• Sony Pictures official site: Spider-Man movies
• Sony Pictures 3 Official site
• Sony Pictures Movie official message boards
• MDP: Spider-Man (Marvel Database Project)
• Official Marvel Pictures site (UK)
• Spider-Man 3 trailer
• Marvel.com: "Venom: The Sordid History of Spider-Man's Black Costume"