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Artemis 2

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Artemis II
Summary of the Artemis II mission plan
NamesArtemis 2
Exploration Mission-2 (EM-2)
Mission typeCrewed lunar flyby
OperatorNASA
Mission duration10 days (planned)
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftOrion CM-003
Crew
Crew size4
MembersReid Wiseman
Victor Glover
Christina Koch
Jeremy Hansen
Start of mission
Launch dateNovember 2024 (planned)[1]
RocketSLS Block 1
Launch siteKennedy, LC-39B[2]
ContractorNASA
End of mission
Recovered byU.S. Navy
(San Antonio-class amphibious transport dock)
Landing sitePacific Ocean (planned)
Flyby of Moon
Distance7,400 km (4,600 mi) (planned)

(L-R) Koch, Glover (top), Wiseman (bottom), and Hansen. 

Artemis 2 (officially Artemis II)[3] is the second scheduled mission of NASA's Artemis program, and the first scheduled crewed mission of NASA's Orion spacecraft, currently planned to be launched by the Space Launch System (SLS) in November 2024.[1] The crewed Orion spacecraft will perform a lunar flyby test and return to Earth. Artemis 2 is planned to be the first crewed spacecraft to travel to the Moon, or beyond low Earth orbit, since Apollo 17 in 1972.

Originally designated Exploration Mission-2 (EM-2), the mission was intended to collect samples from a captured asteroid in lunar orbit by the now canceled robotic Asteroid Redirect Mission;[4] it was renamed after the introduction of the Artemis program. The mission is also planned to be the first crewed launch from LC-39B since STS-116.

Overview

The Artemis 2 mission plan objective is to send four astronauts in the first crewed Orion MPCV Spacecraft into a lunar flyby for a maximum of 21 days using the Block 1 variant of the Space Launch System. The mission profile is a multi-trans lunar injection (MTLI), or multiple departure burns, and includes a free return trajectory from the Moon. The Orion spacecraft will be sent to a high Earth orbit with a period of roughly 42 hours. During this time the crew will perform various checkouts of the spacecraft's life support systems as well as an in-space rendezvous and proximity operations demonstration using the spent Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage (ICPS) as a target. When Orion reaches perigee once again, it will fire its main engine to complete the TLI maneuver which will send it to a lunar free return trajectory, before returning to Earth.[5][6]

History

See also: Asteroid Redirect Mission

In 2017, Exploration Mission-2 was a projected single-launch mission of a Space Launch System (SLS) Block 1B with an Exploration Upper Stage, lunar Block 1 Orion spacecraft, and a payload insertion of 50.7 t (50,700 kg; 55.9 short tons; 112,000 lb). The plan was to rendezvous with an asteroid previously placed in lunar orbit by the robotic Asteroid Redirect Mission and have astronauts perform space-walks and gather samples.[7] After the cancellation in April 2017[8] of the Asteroid Redirect Mission, an eight-day mission was proposed with a crew of four astronauts, sent on a free return trajectory around the Moon.[9] Another proposal suggested in 2017 was to take four astronauts aboard Orion on an 8-to-21-day trip around the Moon to deliver the first element of the Deep Space Gateway.[10] In March 2018, it was decided to launch the first Gateway module on a commercial launch vehicle[11] because of delays in building the Mobile Launcher needed to hold the more powerful Exploration Upper Stage.[12] The launcher was selected to be the Falcon Heavy.[13]

Artist's rendition of the Orion spacecraft in lunar orbit.

On 11 February 2023, NASA flipped the engine section for the Artemis 2 core to horizontal, the final major milestone before mating the section to the rest of the vehicle. On March 20, 2023, the engine section was announced to have been mated with the Artemis 2 core stage. NASA expects it to be delivered to the Kennedy Space Center in the next summer.[14]

On 3 April 2023, NASA announced the crew of the mission, consisting of three American astronauts and one Canadian astronaut.[15]

Crew

The Artemis 2 is to be crewed by four astronauts, three of whom are going to be the first woman, first person of color, and first non-American to travel beyond low Earth orbit. The first woman is to be Christina Koch who will serve as a mission specialist. The first person of color is Victor J. Glover who will server as the pilot. The non-American is to be Jeremy Hansen from the CSA under the terms of a 2020 treaty between the United States and Canada.[16] Later missions are expected to have international crews, including astronauts representing European and Asian nations.

The crew was announced on April 3, 2023, as stated by NASA Administrator Bill Nelson, in his "State of NASA" speech reacting to President Joe Biden's FY2024 budget proposal.[15] The announcement occurred at a special event at a NASA facility at Ellington Field outside Houston.[17]

Prime crew
Position Astronaut
Commander United States G. Reid Wiseman, NASA
Second spaceflight
Pilot United States Victor J. Glover, NASA
Second spaceflight
Mission Specialist 1 United States Christina Koch, NASA
Second spaceflight
Mission Specialist 2 Canada Jeremy Hansen, CSA
First spaceflight

Secondary payloads

MPCV Stage Adapter for CubeSat spring-loaded dispensers

NASA's CubeSat Launch Initiative (CSLI) sought proposals in 2019 from U.S. institutions and U.S. companies to fly their CubeSat missions as secondary payloads aboard the SLS on the Artemis II mission.[18][19] NASA would accept proposals for both six-unit (12 kg (26 lb)) and 12-unit (20 kg (44 lb)) CubeSats.[20] As with the Artemis I mission, the CubeSats flying on Artemis II were to be mounted on the inside of the stage adapter ring between the SLS upper stage and the Orion spacecraft, and will be deployed after Orion separates.[20] Selections were initially planned to be made by February 2020,[18] but the date passed with no official announcement. In October 2021, NASA dropped all secondary payloads from the mission.[21]

Optical communications

Artemis 2 will test and demonstrate optical communications to and from Earth using the Orion Artemis II Optical Communications System (O2O).[22] The O2O hardware will be integrated into the Orion spacecraft [where?] and includes an optical module (a 4-inch telescope and two gimbals), modem and control electronics.[22] O2O will communicate with ground stations in California and New Mexico.[22] The test device will send data to Earth with a downlink rate of up to 260 megabits per second.[23]

Launch date

During preliminary reviews in 2011, the launch date was placed somewhere between 2019 and 2021, but afterwards the launch date was delayed to 2023 on a Space Launch System (SLS) launch vehicle.[24][25] Although, as of March 2023, the mission is pegged for a November 2024 launch,[1] the need to recycle and refurbish components from Orion that flew on Artemis 1 may push this back to later in 2024 or the first quarter of 2025.[26]

Then-planned launch date history
Year Planned launch date
July 2011[citation needed] August 2021
March 2015[citation needed] 2026
March 2015[27] 2021
September 2015[28] April 2023
December 2016[citation needed] August 2021
April 2017[citation needed] 2023
September 2017[citation needed] 2022
March 2018[29] 2023
January 2019[citation needed] 2022
January 2019[citation needed] June 2022
March 2019[24] 2023
November 2019[citation needed] Q4 2022
September 2020[30] 2023
May 2021[31] September 2023
November 2021[32] May 2024
March 2023[1] November 2024

Similar missions

Flown

In 1968, the Apollo 8 mission, crewed by astronauts Frank Borman, Jim Lovell, and William Anders, was designed to test-fly command and service module beyond low Earth orbit. Although similar to Artemis 2 in that it was crewed and did not land on the Moon, it differed by completing 10 orbits of the Moon.[33] Apollo 13 (1970) was the only Apollo mission that flew past the Moon by a free-return trajectory.

Proposed

In 2005, the company Space Adventures announced plans to take two tourists within 100 km (62 mi) of the lunar surface using a Soyuz spacecraft piloted by a professional cosmonaut. The mission, named DSE-Alpha, has been priced at US$150 million per seat and is expected to last 8–9 days when scheduled. Company CEO Eric Anderson stated in 2011 that one seat had been sold, but the launch date has continually slipped since the second seat remains unsold as of 2017.[34]

A SpaceX lunar tourism mission was initially proposed for late 2018 and would have been similar to Artemis 2 in crew size, with two space tourists paying for a free-return loop around the Moon and back to Earth, using the Crew Dragon capsule and launched on the Falcon Heavy.[35][36] After the first flight of Falcon Heavy in 2018, SpaceX announced that Falcon Heavy would not be used for crewed flights to focus their future development on Starship and indicated that the lunar mission would more likely be carried out with the Starship.[37][38] On 14 September 2018, SpaceX officially announced that it had signed one of the paying passengers, Yusaku Maezawa, for the #dearMoon project mission using Starship and that he would invite 6 to 8 artists to join him.[39][40]

References

  1. ^ a b c d "NASA's Artemis 2 mission around Moon set for November 2024". Phys.org. 7 March 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
  2. ^ Hill, Bill (March 2012). "Exploration Systems Development Status" (PDF). NASA Advisory Council. Retrieved 21 July 2012. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  3. ^ Artemis: brand book (Report). Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2019. NP-2019-07-2735-HQ. MISSION NAMING CONVENTION. While Apollo mission patches used numbers and Roman numerals throughout the program, Artemis mission names will use a Roman numeral convention. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  4. ^ Foust, Jeff (25 March 2015). "NASA Selects Boulder Option for Asteroid Redirect Mission". SpaceNews. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  5. ^ NASA's First Flight With Crew Will Mark Important Step on Journey to Mars NASA - Last updated on February 9, 2018 Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  6. ^ "NASA studying practice rendezvous options for Artemis 2 Orion". 25 June 2020.
  7. ^ Wall, Mike (10 April 2013). "Inside NASA's Plan to Catch an Asteroid (Bruce Willis Not Required)". Space.com. TechMediaNetwork. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
  8. ^ Jeff Foust (14 June 2017). "NASA closing out Asteroid Redirect Mission". SpaceNews. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  9. ^ Gary Daines, ed. (4 August 2017) [Originally published: December 1, 2016]. "NASA's First Flight With Crew Will Mark Important Step on Journey to Mars". NASA. Retrieved 8 December 2017. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  10. ^ Gebhardt, Chris (6 April 2017). "NASA finally sets goals, missions for SLS – eyes multi-step plan to Mars". NASASpaceflight.com.
  11. ^ "NASA FY 2019 Budget Overview - P. 14 - "Supports launch of the Power and Propulsion Element on a commercial launch vehicle as the first component of the LOP - Gateway" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved 12 November 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  12. ^ NASA may fly crew into deep space sooner, but there's a price, Eric Berger, Ars Technica, 12 April 2018, Quote: "Without the Exploration Upper Stage, NASA will not be able to fly, in a single flight, crew members and pieces of a deep space gateway it hopes to build near the Moon in the 2020s".
  13. ^ Foust, Jeff (10 February 2021). "NASA selects Falcon Heavy to launch first Gateway elements". SpaceNews. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  14. ^ Richardson, Derek (23 March 2023). "Artemis 2 Space Launch System core stage nearly complete". SpaceFlight Insider. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  15. ^ a b Foust, Jeff (9 March 2023). "White House proposes $27.2 billion for NASA in 2024". SpaceNews. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  16. ^ Connolly, Amanda (16 December 2020). "A Canadian astronaut will be on NASA's Artemis deep space lunar orbit as well the first non American to leave earth orbit". Global News. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  17. ^ Pearlman, Robert Z. (3 April 2023). "NASA Announces the Astronaut Crew for Artemis II Lunar Flyby". Scientific American. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  18. ^ a b Hill, Denise (6 August 2019). "NASA's CubeSat Launch Initiative Opens Call for Payloads on Artemis 2 Mission". NASA. Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2019. NASA is seeking proposals from U.S. small satellite developers to fly their CubeSat missions as secondary payloads aboard the SLS on the Artemis 2 mission under the agency's CubeSat Launch Initiative (CSLI) Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  19. ^ Klotz, Irene (5 August 2019). "NASA Scouting Cubesats For Artemis-2 Mission". Aviation Week & Space Technology. Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2019. NASA on August 5 released a solicitation for cubesats to ride along with the first crewed flight of the Space Launch System rocket and Orion capsule, with the caveat that selected projects fill strategic knowledge gaps for future lunar and Mars exploration
  20. ^ a b NASA seeking proposals for cubesats on second SLS launch Jeff Foust, SpaceNews 8 August 2019
  21. ^ "Alabama students forced to pivot satellite design after being dropped from Artemis II". Space Explored. 21 October 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  22. ^ a b c Lasers Light the Way for Artemis II Moon Mission Jun 2021
  23. ^ Schauer, Katherine (10 August 2022). "What's Next: The Future of NASA's Laser Communications". NASA.
  24. ^ a b "NASA's Deep Space Exploration System is Coming Together". NASA. 8 March 2019. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  25. ^ Sloss, Philip (28 December 2018). "Crewed Orion spacecraft passes critical design review". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
  26. ^ Howell, Elizabeth (16 November 2022). "NASA's Artemis 2 mission: Taking humans around the moon". Space.com. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  27. ^ Foust, Jeff (25 March 2015). "NASA Selects Boulder Option for Asteroid Redirect Mission". SpaceNews. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  28. ^ Foust, Jeff (16 September 2015). "First Crewed Orion Mission May Slip to 2023". SpaceNews. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  29. ^ Clark, Stephen (23 March 2018). "Space Launch System, planetary exploration get big boosts in NASA budget – Spaceflight Now". Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  30. ^ "NASA's Lunar Exploration Program Overview" (PDF). NASA. 21 September 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2023. Human exploration under the Artemis program will begin with the crewed flight test of SLS and Orion on Artemis II in 2023 ...
  31. ^ Sloss, Philip (31 May 2021). "NASA evaluating schedule, launch date forecasts for Artemis 2". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  32. ^ Sheetz, Michael (9 November 2021). "NASA delays astronaut moon landing to 2025". CNBC. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  33. ^ Charlie Wood (25 February 2017). "Apollo 8 redux: Why NASA may send humans around the Moon, again". The Christian Science Monitor.
  34. ^ Moseman, Andrew (26 April 2011). "Just One US$150 Million Seat Remains on Space Adventures' Lunar Flyby". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
  35. ^ "SpaceX promises a Moon vacation in 2018". The Verge. 3 March 2017 – via YouTube.
  36. ^ Dave Trumbore (27 February 2017). "SpaceX Will Attempt to Send Humans Around the Moon Next Year". nerdist.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
  37. ^ SpaceX no longer planning crewed missions on Falcon Heavy, Jeff Foust, SpaceNews, February 5, 2018
  38. ^ Pasztor, Andy (6 February 2018). "Elon Musk Says SpaceX's New Falcon Heavy Rocket Unlikely to Carry Astronauts". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
  39. ^ Eric Ralph (14 September 2018). "SpaceX has signed a private passenger for the first BFR launch around the Moon". Retrieved 14 September 2018.
  40. ^ Grush, Loren (14 September 2018). "SpaceX says it will send someone around the Moon on its future monster rocket". The Verge. Retrieved 15 September 2018.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Artemis 2.
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