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USS Nevada (BB-36)

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For other ships with the same name, see USS Nevada.
USS Nevada
Nevada underway off the Atlantic coast of the United States on 17 September 1944
History
US
NameUSS Nevada (BB-36)[4]
NamesakeNevada[4]
Ordered4 March 1911[3]
Awarded22 January 1912[3]
BuilderFore River Shipbuilding Company[3]
Cost$5,895,000[3]
Laid down4 November 1912[4]
Launched11 July 1914[2]
Commissioned11 March 1916[4]
Decommissioned29 August 1946[4]
Refitlist error: <br /> list (help)
February 1942–April 1943
July 1943–unknown (finished in time for Normandy invasion)
Stricken12 August 1948
Nickname(s)"Cheer Up Ship"[1]
Honors and
awards		7 battle stars, World War II[4]
FateSunk as a target 31 July 1948
General characteristics
Class and typeNevada-class battleship
Displacementlist error: <br /> list (help)
(in 1916) 27,500 t[7][8]
(after WWII overhaul) 30,500 t[5]
Length583 ft (178 m)[7]
Beam95 ft 2.5[8]–3 in[7] (26 m)
Draft28 ft 6 in[4][8] (8.7 m)
PropulsionGeared[7] Curtis turbines[3][8]
Speed(designed) 20.5 knots (24 mph; 38 km/h)[7]
Endurance5,195 miles (8,361 km) at 12 knots (14 mph); 1,980 miles (3,187 km) at 10 knots (12 mph)[5]
Capacityslightly less than 600,000 gallons of fuel[10]
Complementlist error: <br /> list (help)
(as built) 864 officers and men[9]
(1929) 1,398[6]
(1945) 2,220[6]
Armamentlist error: <br /> list (help)
(as built): 10 × 14-inch (356 mm)/45-caliber guns (2 × 3, 2 × 2 superfiring)[9][6][5]
21 × 5-inch (127 mm)/51-caliber guns in single casemate mountings (21 × 1; ten each beam, one in the stern)[9][6][5][A 1]
2 or 4 × 21 inch (53 cm) torpedo tubes (beam, submerged) (true number is unknown; see [A 2])
Armourlist error: <br /> list (help)
Belt: 13.5–8 in[5][6]
Bulkheads: 13–8 in[5][6]
Barbettes: 13 in[5][6]
Turrets: 18 in[5][6]
Decks: 5 in[5][6]
Aircraft carriedlist error: <br /> list (help)
(as built) 3 floatplanes, 2 catapults[6]
(1942) 2 floatplanes, 1 catapult[6]

USS Nevada (BB-36), the second United States Navy ship to be named after the 36th state, was a World War I-era battleship and the lead ship of her class of two; her sister ship was Oklahoma. The ship was a giant leap forward in dreadnought technology, as she showcased four new features that would be included in almost every subsequent U.S. battleship: triple gun turrets,[A 3] anti-aircraft guns, oil in place of coal, and the "all or nothing" armor principle.

Nevada served in both World Wars: during World War I she was attached to the British Grand Fleet; in World War II, she was one of the battleships that was sunk when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. She was the only battleship to get underway during the attack, described as "the only bright spot in an otherwise dismal and depressing morning".[11] Hit by at least six bombs while steaming away from Battleship Row, Nevada was beached at Hospital Point to prevent her from sinking and blocking the only channel out of Pearl Harbor. Subsequently salvaged and modernized at Puget Sound Navy Yard, Nevada served as a fire-support ship for the rest of the war. She provided support for the Normandy Landings and the invasions of Southern France, Iwo Jima and Okinawa. She was the only battleship to see both the attack on Pearl Harbor and the invasion of Normandy.

At the end of World War II, the Navy deemed Nevada too old for retention, and designated her a target ship to be used in the Bikini atomic experiments of July 1946. Two atomic bomb detonations later, she was still afloat but heavily damaged and radioactive. She was decommissioned on 29 August 1946 and sunk as a target ship on 31 July 1948.

Design

Profile of Nevada before her 1927 refit
Division of Naval Intelligence identification sheet depicting Nevada after her 1942 repair and modernization

The Nevada class was a "revolutionary"[12] class; the two ships were "as radical as Dreadnought was in her day".[12] When Nevada was built, The New York Times remarked that the new warship was "the greatest [battleship] afloat"[10] because her tonnage was nearly three times larger than the USS Oregon and almost twice as large as the USS Connecticut. In addition, Nevada was 8,000 tons heavier than one of the original American dreadnoughts, the USS Delaware.[10]

The new battleships of the Nevada class were the first two in the U.S. Navy to have triple gun turrets,[13][A 4] single funnels,[14] anti-aircraft guns,[10] and oil-fired power plants.[10][15] In particular, using oil gave the new class an engineering advantage over the earlier coal-fired plants.[11] Although previous battleships had armor of varying thickness—depending on the importance of the area it was protecting—the Nevadas had maximum armor over critical areas such as the magazines and engines, and none over less-important places; this become known as the "all or nothing" principle, which most major navies later adopted for their own battleships.[13][15][16] With this new armor scheme, the armor on the battleship was increased to 40% of the displacement.[12]

As a result of all of these design modifications from previous battleships, the Nevada class were the first of the so-called "Standard" type of battleship.[17] "Standards" were characterized by the use of oil fuel, the "all or nothing" armor scheme, and the arrangement of the main armament in four triple or twin turrets without any turrets located in the middle of the ship.[18]

A possible design flaw in the Nevadas was that they did not have a substantial amount of deck armor. This was due to the prevailing belief (at the time) that the submarine was the greatest threat to battleships.[13] By World War II, however, the greatest threat had become airplanes[16]—"the results of this [design flaw] were later [...] realized at Pearl Harbor, with Nevada's experience proving that the watertight integrity of older warships was unlikely to be satisfactory."[13][15]

The two Nevadas were virtually identical except in their propulsion. Nevada and her sister were fitted with different engines to compare the two, putting them 'head-to-head': Oklahoma received older vertical triple expansion engines, while Nevada received Curtis steam turbines.[3][8][A 5]

Construction and trials

Nevada during her running trials in early 1916

Nevada's construction was authorized by an Act of Congress on 4 March 1911. The contract went to Fore River Shipbuilding Company on 22 January 1912. The contract was for a total of $5,895,000[A 6](not including the armor and armament), and the time of construction was originally to be 36 months. A secondary contract was signed on 31 July 1912 for $50,000[A 7] to cover the additional cost of a geared cruising unit on each propeller shaft; this also extended the planned construction time by five months.[3] Her keel was laid down on 4 November 1912, and by 12 August 1914, the ship was 72.4% complete.[19] She was launched on 11 July 1914, sponsored by Miss Eleanor Anne Seibert, niece of Governor Tasker Oddie of Nevada and also a descendant of the first Secretary of the Navy, Benjamin Stoddert.[4][2] The launch was attended by several prominent members of the government, including Governor Oddie, Governor David I. Walsh of Massachusetts, Senator Key Pittman of Nevada, Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels and Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt,[2] who would later become President.

Nevada then had to undergo many different tests and trials prior to her commisioning to ensure that she met the terms of the original contract. These began on 4 November 1915, when the ship conducted a twelve-hour endurance run "up and down the New England coast", reaching a top speed of 21.4 knots (24.6 mph).[20] Though her "acceptance trials" were interrupted on 5 November because of a gale and rough seas, they were continued on the 6th with a test of her fuel economy; this consisted of a twenty-four hour run where the Nevada steamed at 10 knots (12 mph).[21] The test results were positive: the oil consumption of the battlewagon was 6 pounds per knot lower than the contract had demanded. Another test was conducted for twelve hours at 15 knots (17 mph), with a result 10 pounds per knot lower than the contract specifications.[22] After completing all of these tests and her running trials off Rockland, Maine,[14] Nevada sailed to the Boston and New York Navy Yards for equipment, torpedo tubes and ammunition hoists.[23] When all of the preliminaries were completed, Nevada was commissioned on 11 March 1916[4] at the Charlestown Navy Yard[24] with Capt. William S. Sims becoming the first captain of the new dreadnought.[4]

World War I

Nevada joined the U.S. Atlantic Fleet in Newport, Rhode Island on 26 May 1916. She operated along the east coast and in the Caribbean until the entry of the United States into World War I in 1917. After training gunners, she sailed on 13 August 1918 to be attached to the British Grand Fleet. After a ten-day voyage, she arrived in Bantry Bay, Ireland on 23 August. She first made a patrol through the North Sea, and then escorted the transport George Washington, with President Woodrow Wilson embarked, during the last day of her passage into Brest, France.[4] She sailed for home on 14 December,[4] having not engaged an enemy at any time during the war.[16]

Interwar years

Nevada in drydock at Pearl Harbor Navy Yard, c. 1935

Between the two World Wars, Nevada served in both the Atlantic and Pacific Fleets.[4] Though she had originally been equipped with twenty-one 5"/51 caliber guns to defend against enemy destroyers,[15] this number was reduced to twelve in 1918,[25] due to the overly wet bow and stern positions of the other nine.[15]

Along with USS Arizona, Nevada represented the United States at the Peruvian Centennial Exposition in July 1921;[26] a year later, she returned to South America with USS Maryland, this time for the Centennial of Brazilian Independence, celebrated in September 1922.[4][26] Three years later, from July to September 1925, Nevada took part in the U.S. Fleet's "goodwill cruise" to Australia and New Zealand. During this cruise, the ships had only limited replenishment opportunities, but still made it to Australia and back without undue difficulty.[27] This demonstrated to those allies, and to Japan, that the U.S. Navy had the ability to conduct transpacific operations[4] and meet the Imperial Japanese Navy in home waters,[27] where both Japanese and American war plans expected the "decisive battle" to be fought, if it should come.[28]

After the cruise, Nevada was modernized at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard between August 1927 and January 1930, with the exchanges of her "basket" masts for tripod masts[29] and her steam turbines for those from the recently stricken USS North Dakota.[13] Additionally, eight 5"/25 caliber guns were added,[30] a new superstructure was installed, and her five-inch secondary battery was relocated.[29] Nevada served in the Pacific Fleet for the next eleven years.[29]

World War II

Attack on Pearl Harbor

Attacked targets:
1: USS California
2: USS Maryland
3: USS Oklahoma
4: USS Tennessee
5: USS West Virginia
6: USS Arizona
7: USS Nevada
8: USS Pennsylvania
9: Ford Island NAS
10: Hickam field
Ignored infrastructure targets:
A: Oil storage tanks
B:CINCPAC headquarters building
C: Submarine base
D: Navy Yard

Just as the Nevada's band had begun to play "Morning Colors", planes appeared on the horizon; the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor had begun.[31]

During the attack, Nevada was not moored side-by-side with another battleship off Ford Island, and therefore was able to maneuver, an ability that was denied to the other seven battleships that were present.[4][A 8] As her gunners opened fire and her engineers started to raise steam, a single 18 in (46 cm) Type 91 Mod 2[32] torpedo exploded against frame 41 about 14 feet above the keel at 0810.[33] The torpedo bulkhead held, but leaking through joints caused flooding and a list of 4 to 5 degrees.[33] Nevada corrected the list through counter-flooding and got underway at 0840,[33] her gunners already having shot down four planes.[34]

As she steamed past Ten-Ten Dock[A 9] at about 0950, Nevada was struck by five bombs. One exploded over the crew's galley at frame 80. Another struck the port director platform and exploded at the base of the stack on the upper deck. Yet another hit near number 1 turret inboard from the port waterway and blew large holes in the upper and main decks. Two struck the forecastle near frame 15; one passed out through the side of the second deck before exploding, but the other exploded within the ship near the gasoline tank.[33] Gasoline leakage and vapors caused intense fires,[33] though those gasoline fires around turret 1 might have caused more critical damage if the main magazines had not been empty. For several days prior to the attack, all of the 14-inch gun battleships had been replacing their standard-weight, main-battery projectiles with a new heavier projectile that offered greater penetration and a larger explosive charge in exchange for a slight decrease in range. All of the older projectiles and powder charges had been removed from the Nevada's magazines, and the crew took a break after loading the new projectiles in anticipation of loading the new powder charges Sunday.[35]

Nevada beached and burning at Hospital Point

As bomb damage became evident, Nevada was ordered to proceed to the west side of Ford Island to prevent her from being sunk in the channel which would "effectively cork the rest of the fleet in a bottle."[36] Instead, she grounded off Hospital Point at 1030,[37] managing to force down three planes before she did so.[34]

Over the course of the morning, Nevada suffered a total of 60 killed and 109 wounded.[4] Two more men died aboard during salvage operations on 7 February 1942 when they were overcome by hydrogen sulfide gas from decomposing paper and meat.[38] The ship suffered a minimum of six bomb hits and one torpedo hit, but "it is possible that as many as ten bomb hits may have been received, [...] as certain damaged areas [were] of sufficient size to indicate that they were struck by more than one bomb."[34]

The ordeal wasn't over quite yet for the the uninjured crewmen of Nevada, however. The day after the attack, the crewmen ran "repel boarders" drills with "broomsticks, baseball bats and the few small arms that were available" to practice for the expected Japanese invasion of Hawaii. During this time, they were "virtually homeless", their records lost in the shambles left after the attack, and they were effectively reduced to begging for essentials such as food, shelter, and uniforms.[39]

Attu and D-Day

Nevada supporting the landings on Utah Beach, 6 June 1944

Nevada was refloated on 12 February 1942 and underwent temporary repairs at Pearl Harbor so she could get to Puget Sound Navy Yard for a complete overhaul.[40] This overhaul lasted for the rest of 1942, and it changed the old battleship's appearance such that she resembled the South Dakota-class battleships.[41] Her 5"/51s and 5"/25s were replaced with sixteen 5"/38 caliber guns in new twin mounts.[42] Nevada then sailed for Alaska, where she provided fire support from 11–18 May 1943 for the capture of Attu .[4]

Nevada then departed for the Norfolk Navy Yard in June for further modernization. After this was completed, Nevada went on Atlantic convoy duty[43] until she set sail for the United Kingdom to prepare for the Normandy Invasion, arriving in April 1944.[4] She supported forces ashore from 6–17 June, and again on 25 June; during this time, she employed her guns to hit permanent shore defenses on the Cherbourg Peninsula, "seem[ing] to lean back as [she] hurled salvo after salvo at the shore batteries."[44] Counterbattery fire straddled her 27 times.[4] Shells from Nevada's guns ranged as far as 17 miles (27 km) inland in attempts to break up German concentrations and counterattacks.[4]

Nevada was the only battleship present at both Pearl Harbor and the Normandy landings.[45] VCS-7, a U.S. Navy Spotter Squadron flying Supermarine Spitfire VBs and Seafire IIIs that was embarked in Nevada and other ships, was one of the units which provided targeting coordinates and fire control.[46]

Southern France and Iwo Jima

Nevada bombarding Iwo Jima, 19 February 1945

Nevada supported Operation Dragoon between 15 August and 25 September 1944, "dueling"[4] with shore batteries of 13.4-inch (340 mm) guns (salvaged from French battleships scuttled early in the war) at Toulon. She then headed to New York to have her gun barrels relined[4] and her 14"/45 caliber guns from Turret #1 replaced with the Mark 8 guns from turret #2 of USS Arizona; these new guns were relined to Mark 12 specifications.[47][48] After that was completed, she sailed for the Pacific, arriving off Iwo Jima on 16 February 1945[4] to "[prepare] the island for invasion with heavy bombardment";[49] which she did through 7 March.[4]

Okinawa and Japan

On 24 March 1945, Nevada joined the "mightiest naval force ever seen in the Pacific"[4] off Okinawa as pre-invasion bombardment began. She shelled Japanese airfields, shore defenses, supply dumps, and troop concentrations. Eleven men were killed and one of her main turrets was damaged by a kamikaze on 27 March. Another two men were lost to fire from a shore battery on 5 April. Until 30 June, she was stationed off Okinawa; she then departed to join the Third Fleet from 10 July to 7 August, allowing the Nevada's guns to hit the Japanese home islands during the closing days of the war.[4]

Post-war

A U.S. Navy watercolor painting by Arthur Beaumont drawn from the bridge of the USS Arkansas (BB-33) after the first atomic bomb test ("Able"). The "scorched" orange ship in the middle is the Nevada.

Returning to Pearl Harbor after a brief stint of occupation duty in Tokyo Bay, Nevada was surveyed and deemed too old to be kept in the post-war fleet, as she was one of the the oldest battleships in the U.S. Navy at 32.3 years old.[29][50] As a result, she was assigned to be a target ship for the Bikini atomic experiments ('Operation Crossroads') of July 1946.[4] The experiment consisted of dropping two atomic bombs to test their effectiveness against ships.[51] She was designated to be "ground zero"[52] for the first test, which was codenamed 'Able'. For the test,Nevada was painted an "ugly"[53] reddish-orange to help the bombardier's aim—but the bomb was still dropped about 1,700 yards off target, and exploded above the light carrier Independence.[53] Nevada survived a second test—'Baker'—as well, but the bombs left her damaged and radioactive.[29] As a result, she was returned to Pearl Harbor and decommissioned on 29 August 1946.[4]

After she was thoroughly surveyed at Pearl Harbor, her final sortie came on 31 July 1948, when the battleship Iowa and two other vessels[A 10] used her as a gunnery target. Nevada was then finished off by an aerial torpedo hit amidships. She sank 60[53]–65 miles (97–105 km) off Pearl Harbor.[50] Her wreck has never been discovered.[54]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The 5-inch (127 mm)/51-caliber guns were soon reduced to only 12 because of their overly wet positions. In the late 1920s, 8 × 5-inch/25-caliber anti-aircraft guns (8 x 1) were added. In 1942, all were removed and replaced by 16 × 5"/38-caliber DP mounts (8×2), and 32 × 40 mm AA (8×4) and 40 × 20 mm AA (40×1) were added. See Fitzsimons, 1982.
  2. ^ Sources conflict as to whether Nevada had 2 or 4 torpedo tubes. All agree that they were 21 in. tubes, but the list of sources below demonstrates the conflictions:
    Supporting 4 tubes
    1. DANFS: "4 21” tt"
    2. Friedman, U.S. Battleships:
      • p. 95: "The standard battery for U.S battleships was revised to four underwater tubes. That applies only to the New York and Nevada classes; it had to be abandoned in the Pennsylvania class."
      • Chapter 5, p. 107: "On 30 March 1911, the General Board selected a ten-gun, 20.5-knot design (E in Table 7-1)." (The table number here is clearly a typo, as the information is actually laid out on the previous page spread in Table 5-2; Table 7-1 is two chapters and about 5 battleship classes later.) From Table 5-2, p. 104: "Schemes C through H had twenty-one 5-inch guns and four 21-inch torpedo tubes."
      • p. 145: "From the New York class on, a two-torpedo broadside was specified, first in the form of a twin tube in one room, and then, from the Nevada class onwards, two torpedo rooms, forward and aft of the main belt."
    3. Friedman and Jurens, Naval Firepower: p. 292: "The U.S. Navy, however, doubled the number of underwater tubes in the New York and Nevada to four."
    4. GlobalSecurity.org: "4 - 21 in torpedo tubes (above water)"
    5. Fitzsimons, Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare: p. 1982 supports 4
    Supporting 2 tubes
    1. Friedman, U.S. Battleships: p. 438 "Torpedo Tubes 2 - 21in submerged"
    2. HyperWar: "2x1 21" tt"
    3. The Battleship in the United States Navy: p. 46 supports 2
  3. ^ The only U.S. battleship class after Nevada that did not feature triple turrets was the Colorado class, which carried eight 16-inch guns in dual turrets to combat the new Japanese Nagato class.
  4. ^ The idea for turrets with more than two guns each came from the French, as they were planning to use quadruple turrets for their planned Normandie-s and Lyon-class battleships. Only one of these ships was completed, Béarn, but she was converted to an aircraft carrier while she was being built. See: "Sea Fighter Nevada Ready For Her Test" (PDF). The New York Times. October 16, 1915. p. 12.
  5. ^ See this book for more information on Curtis turbines (Scroll down to the bottom of the page): Ewing, James Alfred (1910). The Steam-engine and Other Heat-engines. University Press (University of California). p. 232. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  6. ^ $5,895,000.00 would be about $130,029,903.19 today. See Measuring Worth.
  7. ^ $50,000 would be about $1,102,882.98 today. See Measuring Worth.
  8. ^ Pennsylvania was in drydock at the time of the attack. Of the anchored ships on Battleship Row (in order, north to south), Nevada was moored singly; Arizona had Vestal moored outboard of her; Tennessee and West Virginia were moored together; and Maryland and Oklahoma were moored together. California was moored singly at the bottom of the "row", similar to Nevada, and should have had the ability to maneuver like Nevada did. However, California, as "she was about to undergo a material inspection [and] watertight integrity was not at its maximum" (California's DANFS entry), started sinking as soon as she was hit by Japanese bombs and torpedoes. As a result, she sank just 17 minutes into the attack after being hit with just two bombs and two torpedoes. By comparison, Nevada took at least six bombs and one torpedo, and was still afloat when she was ordered to be beached by Hospital Point.
  9. ^ Named for its length, 1010 feet.
  10. ^ Nevada's NVR entry only states that Iowa, a heavy cruiser and a destroyer used her as a gunnery target. No further details are available on the other two ships.

References

  1. ^ Bonner, 100.
  2. ^ a b c "Launch New Dreadnought; Named the Nevada — Plans announced for Two Still Greater Ships" (PDF). The New York Times. 12 July 1914. p. C5.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Cox, Lt. Ormund L. (1916). "U.S.S. Nevada; Description and Trials". Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers, Inc. 28: 20. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |accessdaymonth= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac "Nevada". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessdaymonth= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Friedman, 438.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Fitzsimons, 1982.
  7. ^ a b c d e The Battleship in the United States Navy, 47.
  8. ^ a b c d e "The Nevada Leaves Quincy" (PDF). The New York Times. 23 October 1915. p. 5.
  9. ^ a b c The Battleship in the United States Navy, 46.
  10. ^ a b c d e "Sea Fighter Nevada Ready For Her Test" (PDF). The New York Times. 16 October 1915. p. 12.
  11. ^ a b Bonner, 101.
  12. ^ a b c Worth, 290.
  13. ^ a b c d e Pike, John (2008). "BB-36 Nevada class". GlobalSecurity.org. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessdaymonth= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ a b "Mightiest U.S. Ship Coming" (PDF). The New York Times. 19 September 1915. p. 9.
  15. ^ a b c d e "Nevada Class (BB-36 and BB-37), 1912 Building Program". Naval Historical Center. 2000. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |accessdaymonth= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ a b c Bonner, 102.
  17. ^ Worth, 289–290.
  18. ^ Friedman, 101.
  19. ^ "Warships Near Completion; The Nevada and the Oklahoma almost Three-fourths built" (PDF). The New York Times. November 5, 1915. p. 8.
  20. ^ "Nevada Test a Success" (PDF). The New York Times. 5 November 1915. p. 14.
  21. ^ "The Nevada Out Again" (PDF). The New York Times. 7 November 1915. p. 6.
  22. ^ "Nevada saves fuel" (PDF). The New York Times. 10 November 1915. p. 8.
  23. ^ "Nevada Meets Tests; New Superdreadnought easily fills contract requirements" (PDF). The New York Times. 8 November 1915. p. 6.
  24. ^ "The Nevada in Commission" (PDF). The New York Times. 19 September 1915. p. 12.
  25. ^ Breyer, 210.
  26. ^ a b Bonner, 102–103.
  27. ^ a b Bonner, 103.
  28. ^ Miller, Edward S. (1991). War Plan Orange: The U.S. Strategy to Defeat Japan, 1897–1945. Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute Press. ISBN ISBN 0870217593. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  29. ^ a b c d e "USS Nevada (Battleship # 36, later BB-36), 1916-1948". Naval Historical Center. 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessdaymonth= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ Breyer, 210.
  31. ^ "History of the Pacific Fleet Band". U.S. Navy (Pacific Fleet). 2001. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessdaymonth= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ Fitzsimons, 1982.
  33. ^ a b c d e Wallin, 212
  34. ^ a b c Scanland, F.W. (1941). "USS Nevada, Report of Pearl Harbor Attack". Naval Historical Center. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessdaymonth= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ Sabin, L. A., Vice Admiral, USN. "Comment and Discussion", United States Naval Institute Proceedings, September 1973, 97.
  36. ^ Bonner, 105.
  37. ^ Wallin, 212–213.
  38. ^ Wallin, 218.
  39. ^ Bonner, 105.
  40. ^ Bonner, 106.
  41. ^ "BB-36—Nevada (Nevada–class)". Naval Recognition Manual. Division of Naval Intelligence; Identification and Characteristics Section. 1943. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |accessdaymonth= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  42. ^ Breyer, 210.
  43. ^ The Battleship in the United States Navy, 51.
  44. ^ Ryan, 198.
  45. ^ Ryan, 90.
  46. ^ Hill, Steven D. (May–June 1994). "Spitfires of the US Navy". Naval Aviation News. Washington, D.C.: Chief of Naval Operations. ISSN 0028-1417. OCLC 2577618. Copy available online at The Spitfire Site. Retrieved on 4 September 2008.
  47. ^ DiGiulian, Tony (27 March 2008). "14"/45 (35.6 cm) Marks 8, 9, 10 and 12". Navweaps.com. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessdaymonth= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  48. ^ Campbell, John Naval Weapons of World War Two Naval Institute Press (1985) ISBN 0-87021-459-4 p.123
  49. ^ "CINCPOA Communique No. 264, 19 February 1945". HyperWar. 1945. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessdaymonth= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  50. ^ a b Nevada. Naval Vessel Register. Department of Defense. Retrieved on 1 September 2008.
  51. ^ "Operation Crossroads: Bikini Atoll". Naval Historical Center. 2001. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessdaymonth= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  52. ^ Bonner, 107.
  53. ^ a b c Bonner, 108.
  54. ^ "USS Nevada BB-36". Pacificwrecks.com. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessdaymonth= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)

Bibliography

  • Bonner, Kermit (1996). Final Voyages. Turner Publishing Company. ISBN 1563-1-1289-2. (Google books link.)
  • Breyer, Siegfried (1973). Battleships and Battle Cruisers 1905–1970. Doubleday and Company. ISBN 0385-0-7247-0.
  • The Battleship in the United States Navy. Washington D.C.: Naval History Division. 1970. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |in= ignored (help)
  • Campbell, John (1985). Naval Weapons of World War Two. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-459-4.
  • Fitzsimons, Bernard, editor. "Nevada", in Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare. London: Phoebus, 1978. Volume 18, p. 1982.
  • Friedman, Norman (1986). U.S. Battleships: An Illustrated Design History. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0870-2-1715-1. (Google books links for: Page 101 and Page 438.)
  • Ryan, Cornelius (1959). The Longest Day; June 6, 1944. New York: Simon and Schuster. 671-20814-1.
  • Wallin, Homer N. (1968). Pearl Harbor: Why, How, Fleet Salvage and Final Appraisal. United States Government Printing Office.
  • Worth, Richard (2002). Fleets of World War II. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0306-8-1116-2. (Google books link for Page 289.)
  • Public Domain This article includes information collected from the Naval Vessel Register, which, as a U.S. government publication, is in the public domain. The entry can be found here.

Further reading

  • Barry, James H. (1946). William S. Wyatt (ed.). USS Nevada 1916-1946. San Francisco: The James H. Barry Company.
  • Madsen, Daniel (2003). Resurrection-Salvaging the Battle Fleet at Pearl Harbor. U. S. Naval Institute Press.
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