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Zeiss projector

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For other uses, see Zeiss (disambiguation).
The Mark I projector installed in the Deutsches Museum in 1923 was the world's first planetarium projector.
Marks II through VI utilized two small spheres of lenses separated along a central axis.
Beginning with Mark VII, Zeiss projectors adopted a new, egg-shaped design.

A Zeiss projector is one of a line of planetarium projectors manufactured by the Carl Zeiss Company.

The first modern planetarium projectors were designed and built by Carl Zeiss Jena in 1924. Zeiss projectors are designed to sit in the middle of a dark, dome-covered room and project an accurate image of the stars and other astronomical objects on the dome. They are generally large, complicated, and imposing machines.

The first Zeiss Mark I projector (the first planetarium projector in the world) was installed in the Deutsches Museum in Munich in August, 1923.[1] It possessed a distinctive appearance, with a single sphere of projection lenses supported above a large, angled "planet cage". Marks II through VI were similar in appearance, using two spheres of star projectors separated along a central axis that contained projectors for the planets. Beginning with Mark VII, the central axis was eliminated and the two spheres were merged into a single, egg-shaped projection unit.

The name "Zeiss projector" is often used for any type of star projector, even those not built by Zeiss.[citation needed] Being extremely complex, a large Zeiss projector can cost millions of US dollars.

History of development and production

The Mark I was created in 1923-1924 and was the world's first modern planetarium projector.[1] The Mark II was developed during the 1930s jointly by Carl Zeiss AG factories in Jena (East Germany) and Oberkochen (West Germany).[2] Following WWII and the division of Germany, each factory developed its own line of projectors.[2] Marks III - VI were developed in Oberkochen (West Germany) from 1957–1989. Meanwhile, the East German facility in Jena developed the ZKP projector line.[2] The Mark VII was developed in 1993 and was the first joint project of the two Zeiss factories following German reunification.[2]

As of 2011, Zeiss currently manufactures three main models of planetarium projectors. The flagship Universarium models continue the "Mark" model designation and use a single "starball" design, where the fixed stars are projected from a single egg-shaped projector, and moving objects such as planets have their own independent projectors or are projected using a full-dome digital projection system. The Starmaster line of projectors are designed for smaller domes than the Universarium, but also use the single starball design. The Skymaster ZKP projectors are designed for the smallest domes and use a "dumbell" design similar to the Mark II-VI projectors, where two smaller starballs for the northern and southern hemispheres are connected by a truss containing projectors for planets and other moving objects.[3]

Planetariums that have featured a Zeiss projector

Planetarium Zeiss Projector Model Acquisition Date End Date Remarks Ref.
Adler Planetarium, Chicago, Illinois, USA Mark II/III 1930 1969 Projector was converted from Mark II to Mark III from 1959–1961 [4][5]
Mark VI 1969 2011 Replaced with "Digital Starball" system from Global Immersion Ltd.
Planetario Luis Enrique Erro, Mexico City, Mexico Mark IV 1964 2006 It was the first planetarium in Mexico opened to general public and it is also one of the oldest in Latin America. [6]
Bangkok Planetarium, Bangkok, Thailand Mark IV 1964 Present [7]
Denki kagakukan, Osaka, Japan Mark Ⅱ(No.23) 1937 1989 First Planetarium in Japan
Preserved at Osaka Science Museum.
Tonichi Tenmonkan, Tokyo, Japan Mark Ⅱ(No.26) 1938 25 May 1945 Destroyed by Bombing of Tokyo
Gotoh Planetarium, Tokyo, Japan Mark IV(No.1) 1957 2001
Akashi Municipal Planetarium, Akashi, Japan Universal(UPP)23/3 1960 Present The oldest projector which is operating in Japan.
Nagoya City Science Museum, Nagoya, Japan Mark IV 1962 2010 Plans to be shifted to mark IX in 2011.
Fernbank Planetarium, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Mark V 1967/8? Present [8]
Hayden Planetarium, New York, New York, USA Mark II 1935 1960 [9]
Mark IV 1960 1973
Mark VI 1973 1997
Mark IX 1999 Present
Humboldt Planetarium, Caracas, Venezuela Mark III (modified) 1950 Present [10][11]
Manitoba Museum, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Mark Vs 1967 Present [12]
Morehead Planetarium, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Mark II 1949 1969 [13]
Mark VI 1969 May 6, 2011
James S. McDonnell Planetarium, St. Louis, Missouri, USA Mark IX 2001 Present replaced an Evans & Sutherland Digistar [14]
Samuel Oschin Planetarium, Griffith Park Observatory, Los Angeles, California, USA Mark IV 1964 2006 [citation needed]
Mark IX 2006 Present
Strasenburgh Planetarium, Rochester, New York, USA Mark VI 1968 Present Originally cost $240,234 - in 1968 dollars. [15]
Planetario de Bogotá, Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia Mark VI 1969 Present [16]
Fiske Planetarium, Boulder, Colorado, USA Mark VI 1975 Present [17]
Planetario Universidad de Santiago, Santiago, Chile Mark VI 1972 Present [18][19]
Calouste Gulbenkian Planetarium, Lisbon, Portugal UPP 23/4 1965 2004 [20]
Mark IX 2005 Present
Delafield Planetarium, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, Georgia, USA Skymaster ZKP-3 2000 Present [21]
Charles Hayden Planetarium, Boston Museum of Science, Boston, MA, USA Mark VI 1970 2010 [22]
Starmaster 2011 Present [23]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Mark R. Chartrand. "A Fifty Year Anniversary of a Two Thousand Year Dream - The History of the Planetarium". Retrieved 2008-08-22. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ^ a b c d Carl Zeiss AG. "Planetarium projector models since 1942". Retrieved 2008-08-22. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. ^ http://www.meditec.zeiss.com/c12567b00038cd75/Contents-Frame/cac4e6cebbf6059841256a76004ccf45
  4. ^ Glenn A. Walsh. "The Adler Planetarium and Astronomy Museum". Retrieved 2008-07-28. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ^ Steve Johnson (2011-06-11). "Countdown to 'wow'". The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2011-06-23.
  6. ^ Planetario Luis Enrique Erro (IPN). "Sitio oficial del Planetario Luis Enrique Erro del Instituo Politecnico Nacional" (Document). Instituto Politecnico Nacional. {{cite document}}: Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help). Template:Es icon
  7. ^ Bangkok Planetarium. "ความเป็นมา (History)". Bangkok Planetarium official website. Bangkok Planetarium. Retrieved 2008-11-30.. Template:Th icon
  8. ^ Fernbank Science Center Planetarium. "Official website of the Fernbank Science Center". Retrieved 2009-07-16. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. ^ The New York Times (1999-08-11). "Updating City's Star System; Planetarium Introducing Mark IX for Outer Space". Retrieved 2008-10-07. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. ^ Humboldt Planetarium. "El Planetario - Reseña Histórica". Retrieved 2009-01-04. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. ^ Wikipedia es: Planetario Humboldt. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetario_Humboldt
  12. ^ The Manitoba Museum. "Planetarium General Information". Retrieved 2008-07-28. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. ^ The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. "Morehead History". Retrieved 2008-07-28. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  14. ^ The St. Louis Science Center. "James S. McDonnell Planetarium". Retrieved 2008-08-01. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  15. ^ Strasenburgh. "RMSC Strasenburgh Planetarium - The Star Projector". Retrieved 2008-09-04. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. ^ http://www.planetariodebogota.gov.co/historia.php. Retrieved 2009-05-19. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  17. ^ http://fiske.colorado.edu/history.php. Retrieved 2010-07-31. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  18. ^ USACH. "Infraestructura Planetario USACH". Retrieved 2008-09-27. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  19. ^ Carl Zeiss Planetarium Division. "Planetario Universidad de Santiago". Retrieved 2008-09-27. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  20. ^ Planetário Calouste Gulbenkian. http://planetario.online.pt/. Retrieved 2009-07-18. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  21. ^ The Council of Independent Colleges. "Historic Campus Architecture Project: Bradley Observatory and Delafield Planetarium". Retrieved 2011-05-31.
  22. ^ http://www.rainydaymagazine.com/RDM2011/Home/January/Week4/RDMHomeJan3111.htm
  23. ^ http://www.mos.org/media/docs/press/20110207Feb_11_Planetarium_Reopening_Release_FINAL_PDF.pdf

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carl-Zeiss-Planetarium.
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