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Pokémon (TV series)

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Pokémon
English logo
ポケットモンスター
(Poketto Monsutā)
GenreAdventure, Fantasy, Comedy
Anime television series
Directed byKunihiko Yuyama (general)
Masamitsu Hidaka (1997–2006)
Norihiko Sudō (2006–present)
Yūji Asada (2007–2009)
Produced bySatoshi Tajiri
Junichi Masuda
Ken Sugimori
Written byTakeshi Shudo (1997–2002)
Atsuhiro Tomioka (2006–present)
Music byShinji Miyazaki
Hirokazu Tanaka (openings)
StudioOLM, Inc.
Team Ota (1997–2006)
Team Iguchi (2006–2009)
Team Kato (2010–present)
Licensed by
Original networkTV Tokyo
English network
Original run April 1, 1997 – present
Episodes750+ (List of episodes)
Movies (Total 16)
  • 5 Original Series movies
  • 4 Advanced Generation movies
  • 4 Diamond & Pearl movies
  • 3 Best Wishes! movies
Specials
  • 8 TV specials (3 full-length, 5 normal-length)
  • 25 side-story episodes
  • 7 Winter Vacation shorts
  • 8 ANA flights shorts

Pokémon (ポケモン, Pokemon), abbreviated from the Japanese title of Pocket Monsters (ポケットモンスター, Poketto Monsutā), is a Japanese children's anime television series, which has been adapted for the international television markets. It is based on the Pokémon video game series and a part of the Pokémon franchise.

The Pokémon metaseries is split up into four chronologically sequential series in Japan, split up by the version of the video game series the anime takes inspiration from: the original series, the Advanced Generation series, the Diamond & Pearl series, and currently the Best Wishes! series which started its Decolora Adventures subseries in April 2013. In the international broadcasts, these four series are split into 16 separate seasons. These anime series are accompanied by spin-off programming, consisting of Pokémon Chronicles, a series of side stories featuring characters in the anime that are not its current cast of main characters, and the live action variety and Pokémon-related news shows of Weekly Pokémon Broadcasting Station, Pokémon Sunday, and the current incarnation of Pokémon Smash!.

Plot

File:Pokemon-diamond-and-pearl-group.png
The main characters from Pokémon Diamond & Pearl series (from left to right): Brock, Ash and Dawn

After he turns ten years old, Ash Ketchum (Satoshi in Japan), who has wanted all his life to become a Pokémon Master, is allowed to start his journey in the world of Pokémon. However, when he sleeps in too late the day he is to receive his first Pokémon, Professor Oak, the local Pokémon researcher, has already given away the three Pokémon (Bulbasaur, Charmander, and Squirtle) he has been entrusted with to give to new Pokémon Trainers, but he does have one more Pokémon that he gives to Ash: a Pikachu. Determined to make it on his journey anyway, Ash does his best to befriend Pikachu, but Pikachu does not trust him and will not even return to his PokéBall, even attacking Ash with its unique electric powers. It is only after Ash protects Pikachu from a group of angry Pokémon that Pikachu realizes how much Ash cares for him, leading him to save Ash. Afterward, they both see a mysterious unidentifiable Pokémon that spurs both of them to work towards Ash's goal.

Along the way, Ash meets up with many other friends, both human and Pokémon, as he works his way through the ranks of the world's many Pokémon Leagues. Through the Kanto Region, Ash befriends Water Pokémon trainer and erstwhile Cerulean City Gym Leader Misty (Kasumi) and Pewter City Gym Leader and Pokémon Breeder Brock (Takeshi), all while thwarting the plans of the Team Rocket trio of Jessie, James, and Meowth, who want to steal Ash's Pikachu and any other rare Pokémon they come across, following Ash all over the world. When Ash and Misty travel to the Orange Islands (without Brock), they meet and travel with Pokémon Watcher and artist Tracey Sketchit (Kenji), before meeting up with Brock once more as they travel to the Johto region.

When Ash heads for the Hoenn Region in the Advanced Generation series, Misty stays behind to become the full-time Cerulean City Gym Leader, but he gains new companions in Pokémon Coordinator May (Haruka) and her younger brother Max (Masato), and together they face off against the rival Teams Magma and Aqua. After returning to Kanto to participate in the Battle Frontier challenge, Ash later travels with Brock to the Sinnoh Region in the Diamond & Pearl series, with May and Max going on their own paths. Ash and Brock then meet Dawn (Hikari), another Pokémon Coordinator, who travels with them as they go through Sinnoh where they must defeat Cyrus and his Team Galactic. In his latest adventures in the Black & White series, Ash travels by himself to the far-off Unova Region, where he meets and travels with would-be Dragon Master Iris and Striaton City Gym Leader, Pokémon Connoisseur, and sometimes detective Cilan (Dent) as they discover the evil plans of Team Plasma, a criminal organization that wants to free Pokémon from people's ownership so that they can rule the world unopposed.

Media

TV series

In Japan, Pocket Monsters has been broadcast under its original title and under three subtitled titles, with the subtitled versions denoting a change in the setting matching the different versions of the video games, rather than being divided into distinct seasons (a change in season is usually denoted by a change in the theme songs, but the title never changes). The current series being broadcast is Pocket Monsters: Best Wishes!, since split into seasons with the current subtitle in Japan being Best Wishes! Season 2: Decolora Adventure!. The fifth series Pocket Monsters: XY (ポケットモンスターXY, Poketto Monsutā Ekkusu Wai) will premiere on October 17, 2013. In its international broadcasts, Pokémon's episodes have been split up into smaller seasons for the international releases, running a fixed number of episodes, using a specific opening sequence for each new season, and a new subtitle. The current international season airing is Pokémon: Black & White: Adventures in Unova and Beyond.

Movies

During each season of the main series, a Pokémon Feature Film (劇場版ポケットモンスター, Gekijōban Poketto Monsutā, Pocket Monsters Movie) starring the main characters from the TV series has been released. As of 2013, there have been 16 movies and one feature length TV broadcast (released outside Japan as a direct-to-video movie titled "Mewtwo Returns"). The plot of every movie has involved an encounter with a Legendary Pokémon, although some may not conform to a strict definition of the word. The movies are also used to promote new Pokémon that appear in new versions of the game and series.

Specials

In addition to the main series and the movies, the anime has also shown various specials and TV shorts. In English-language broadcast, these have been played or are playing as the Pokémon Chronicles or Pokémon Sunday series, alongside The Legend of Thunder! special and several Pikachu shorts, Many of these specials centered around legendary Pokémon or one or more of the main characters that is separate from the main cast during its corresponding series, while the sporadically-made later side story episodes typically air as special episodes. Another eight additional OVAs were broadcast on numbered All Nippon Flights, as well as sold by DVD exclusively. In addition, two 3D shorts were shown during the tour of Japanese theme park Poképark.

Full-length TV specials

The Birth of Mewtwo / The Origin of Mewtwo (ミュウツーの誕生, Myūtsū no Tanjō)
An animated adaptation of the "Birth of Mewtwo" radio drama, which was later attached to the beginning of the first movie for the Japanese video release. A small 3 minute heavily edited version was released on the US version DVDs, while the full uncut version was made available on the Mewtwo Returns DVD.
Pokémon: Mewtwo Returns / Mewtwo! I Am Here (ミュウツー! 我ハココニ在リ, Myūtsū! Ware wa Koko ni Ari)
A made for television special that followed up on Mewtwo after the events of the first movie.
The Legend of Thunder! (ライコウ 雷の伝説, Raikou: Ikaduchi no Densetsu)
A made for television special that showcased the legendary Raikou, as well as brand new trainers. It became the first three episodes of Pokémon Chronicles. This was based on the release of Pokémon Crystal and is called as such in the Japanese title.
The Mastermind of Mirage Pokémon / The Terrifying Mirage Pokémon (戦慄のミラージュポケモン, Senritsu no Mirāju Pokemon)
An hour-long TV special commemorating the 10th anniversary of Pokémon in the United States. It aired on Kids' WB the sister station of Cartoon Network. It features a variety of Pokémon as artificial and stronger "mirages", including a supposedly "most powerful" Pokémon creation. Pokémon shown to be mirages were Mew, Kabutops, Omastar, Armaldo, Aggron, Aerodactyl, Houndoom, Absol, Mightyena, Machoke, Machamp, Ursaring, Magnemite, Entei, Articuno, Zapdos, and Mewtwo.

Normal-length TV specials

Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Team Go-Getters Out Of The Gate! (ポケモン不思議のダンジョン 出動ポケモン救助隊ガンバルズ, Fushigi no Danjon: Shutsudō Pokemon Kyūjotai Ganbaruzu!, Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Pokémon Rescue Team Ganbarus on the March!)
A special anime based on the new video games which was shown on Cartoon Network in the USA September 8, 2006. The main characters in this special are a boy who was turned into a Squirtle, who formed a team with a naturally born Charmander and Chikorita.
Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Time & Darkness (ポケモン不思議のダンジョン 時の探検隊・闇の探検隊, Pokemon Fushigi no Danjon: Toki no Tankentai — Yami no Tankentai)
A sequel to the anime special based on the new video games prior to the Japanese release. The English version was shown on Action Stations! in the UK on July 18, 2008. The USA airing was on September 1, 2008 (Labor Day in the U.S.) on Cartoon Network. This special opens with Grovyle stealing a Time Gear — a circular object that controls time. The story then switches to the main characters Piplup (who is really a boy turned Pokémon) and Chimchar. Together with Chimchar, they become the exploration group Poképals and work at helping Pokémon who are in need of rescue along with exploring dungeons for treasure. After completing their first mission, to help a Shinx's sister who is very sick, the show ends with an announcement that the Time Gear has been stolen again. Piplup decides to stay with the team in order to help rescue other Pokémon; recover the Time Gear; and find out why he has been turned into a Pokémon. The last scene includes the message "to be continued", as do all other episodes of this anime. Which seemed as if it was implying there would be a full series, but such a series was never created.
Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of the Sky Beyond Time & Darkness / Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Sky Expedition ~The Final Adventure Surpassing Time and Darkness~ (ポケモン不思議のダンジョン 空の探検隊~時と闇をめぐる 最後の冒険~, Pokemon Fushigi no Danjon: Sora no Tankentai ~Toki to Yami o Meguru Saigo no Bōken~)
A follow-up to Explorers of Time & Darkness, this anime special sees the Poképals teaming with Grovyle to battle with Dusknoir in the Hidden Land to save the world. This was available with the DSi game on a DVD for advance purchases at GameStop in the USA, and also premiered on October 9, 2009 on Cartoon Network in the USA and the following day on YTV in Canada.
Pokémon Ranger: Guardian Signs (ポケモンレンジャー 光の軌跡, Pokemon Renjā Hikari no Kiseki)
A set of five-minute-long special episodes based on the DS game Pokémon Ranger: Guardian Signs which aired as part of Pokémon Sunday, it divided into two parts (Part 1 was aired on February 28, 2010, and Part 2 was aired on March 7, 2010). It shows in Oblivia Region, a Pokémon Ranger named Natsuya, receives a mission of head for the archipelago to stop a villainous team — Pokémon Pinchers' misdeeds from poaching and selling Pokémon which tasked by Professor Hastings. During his mission, he meets Ukulele Pichu and captures it.

Winter Vacation

Pikachu's Winter Vacation (ピカチュウのふゆやすみ, Pikachū no Fuyuyasumi) is a series of winter themed Pikachu-centered shorts that went directly to video from 99 (the end of 98) to 2001 (the end of 2000) years. The first two were part of the Pokémon Chronicles series. This was the only Pokémon DVD not released by Viz Video but rather 4Kids' normal way of releasing DVDs, being released by 4Kids and Funimation.

We Are Pichu Brothers (ぼくたちピチューブラザーズ, Boku-tachi Pichūburazāzu) is a series extending from the short movie "Pikachu and Pichu", and it has two units. The first story included in "Pikachu's Winter Vacation 2001", and the second story included in the game "Pokémon Channel".

ANA flights shorts

Pikachu's Summer Festival (ピカチュウのなつまつり, Pikachū no Natsumatsuri)
The first short premiered on ANA flights on August 1, 2004.
Pikachu's Ghost Carnival (ピカチュウのおばけカーニバル, Pikachū no Obake Kānibaru)
The second short premiered on ANA flights on August 1, 2005.
Pikachu's Mischievous Island / Pikachu's Island Adventure (ピカチュウのわんぱくアイランド, Pikachū no Wanpaku Airando)
The third short premiered on ANA flights on August 1, 2006 and was released in the Pokémon Ranger and the Temple of the Sea DVD in the USA.
Pikachu's Exploration Club (ピカチュウたんけんクラブ, Pikachū Tanken Kurabu)
The fourth short premiered on ANA flights on August 1, 2007.
Pikachu's Great Ice Adventure (ピカチュウ 氷の大冒険, Pikachū Kōri no Daibōken)
The fifth short premiered on ANA flights on August 1, 2008.
Pikachu's Great Sparking Search (ピカチュウのキラキラだいそうさく, Pikachū no Kirakira Daisōsaku)
The sixth short premiered on ANA flights on August 1, 2009 and was released in the Pokémon Ranger: Locus of Light DVD in Japan.
Pikachu's Strange Wonder Adventure (ピカチュウのふしぎなふしぎな大冒険, Pikachū no Fushigina Fushigina Daibōken)
The seventh short premiered on ANA flights on August 1, 2010.
Pikachu's Summer Bridge Story (ピカチュウのサマー・ブリッジ・ストーリー, Pikachū no samā burijji sutōrī)
The eighth short premiered on ANA flights on August 1, 2011.

3D shorts

Pokémon 3D Adventure: Find Mew! (ポケモン3Dアドベンチャー ミュウを探せ!, Pokemon 3D Adobenchā: Myū o Sagase!)
The first Pokémon 3D short that was shown as the PokéPark in Japan in 2005, and it also shown when PokéPark was in Taiwan in 2006.
Pokémon 3D Adventure 2: Pikachu's Big Undersea Adventure (ポケモン3Dアドベンチャー2 ピカチュウの海底大冒険, Pokemon 3D Adobenchā 2: Pikachū no Kaitei Daibōken)
The second Pokémon 3D short that was shown in Japan in 2007.
Pokémon BW: The Celestial Globe of Light and Shadows! (ポケットモンスター ベストウイッシュ 光と影のテンキュウギ)
This 3D short movie was shown in a planetary in Japan in 2011.

Pokémon Chronicles

File:Pokémon Chronicles logo.JPG
Pokémon Chronicles logo

Pokémon Chronicles is a label created by 4Kids which is used for a collection of several as yet undubbed specials. The vast majority of the episodes making up Chronicles were taken from what was known in Japan as Pocket Monsters Side Stories (ポケットモンスターサイドストーリー, Poketto Monsutā Saido Sutōrī), which aired as part of Weekly Pokémon Broadcasting Station. The remaining portions of Chronicles consisted of the Pocket Monsters Crystal TV special, and installments from the Pikachu's Winter Vacation OVA series.

Weekly Pokémon Broadcasting Station

Weekly Pokémon Broadcasting Station (週間ポケモン放送局, Shūkan Pokemon Hōsōkyoku) was a closely related spin-off series that aired with the beginning part of Pokémon: Advanced Generation. The show was presented as an animated variety show, and showed clip shows, reruns of Pokémon episodes, television airings of the Pokémon movies, cast interviews, and live action footage, in addition to the previously mentioned Pokémon Side Story episodes. The show ran from October 15, 2002, to September 28, 2004, when it was replaced by Pokémon Sunday.

Pokémon Sunday

Pokémon Sunday (ポケモン☆サンデー, Pokemon Sandē) debuted on TV Tokyo on October 3, 2004 and lasted until September 26, 2010. The show is the successor to the Pocket Monsters Encore and the Weekly Pokémon Broadcasting Station. Like the shows before it, Pokémon Sunday is a sort of variety which featuring reruns of old episodes as well as a number of 'Research' episodes involving live-action elements.

Pokémon Smash!

Pokémon Smash! (ポケモンスマッシュ!, Pokemon Sumasshu!) is the successor to the Pokémon Sunday series. It debuted on TV Tokyo on October 3, 2010.[1] Like its predecessors, Pokémon Smash! is a variety show that features live-action segments and reruns of old anime episodes. The theme song is "Endless Fighters" by AAA.

Pokémon: The Origin

Pokémon: The Origin is a television special that unlike the anime series is based directly of the original games and debuts on TV Tokyo on October 2, 2013. The show will feature Red as the main protagonist with Charmander as his partner as he travels around to collect Gym Badges in Kanto. The show does not maintain any continuity of any form with the main anime series.[2]

Airing and production

The English adaptation dub of the series was produced in the U.S. by 4Kids Entertainment and video distribution of the series was handled by Viz Media and Pioneer Entertainment for the TV series, Warner Bros. and Nintendo for the first three movies, the thirteenth movie, and the first television special, Miramax Films, and Buena Vista Home Entertainment for the fourth movie through the seventh, Viz Media for movies eight to ten, and Universal Studios for the eleventh and twelfth films. The series and all feature films are directed by Kunihiko Yuyama, with English adaptations originally written by Norman J. Grossfeld and Michael Haigney for the first eight seasons. However, starting with the ninth season, The Pokémon Company International (operating as Pokémon USA at that time), and TAJ Productions, who worked with 4Kids on the show before taking leave after Season 5, replaced 4Kids as the show's non-Japanese producers and distributors. Most of the original voice cast was also replaced by TAJ for budget purposes, causing controversy among fans who admired the original voice actors.[3][4] When TAJ closed their doors, they were replaced by DuArt Film and Video for the tenth movie and Season 11 of the anime series onward. In Canada, Pokémon first aired and has been airing on YTV since late 1998. YTV has been airing Pokémon longer than any other English network and longer than any other show they air. In the UK, Pokémon first aired on Sky1, then it was followed by airings on CITV in the summer of 1999 including their Saturday morning show SMTV Live and proved to be extraordinarily popular, to the point were segments and sketches of the show itself were based around Pokémon (e.g. the Pokérap). As part of their relaunching of their internet site, the full first season of the anime is being shown on the Pokemon.com web site in the USA.

The show (as of September 23, 2010, in Japan) has premiered the fourth series of the anime, Pocket Monsters: Best Wishes! on TV Tokyo Thursday nights at 7:00 PM JST. The metaseries had been airing on Tuesday nights in the earlier seasons. In the United States (as of February 2, 2013) the series is airing its third season of Black & White on Cartoon Network as Black & White: Adventures in Unova, with episodes premiering Saturday mornings at 8:30 AM ET/PT. An English version of Pokémon Side Story has now been made, titled Pokémon Chronicles which premiered in the UK on Toonami on May 11, 2005 at 4:30 p.m. BST, and is currently airing the 13th season on YTV in Canada. Each season also brings forth a Pokémon feature-length film, and each film up until the seventh is preceded by a Pokémon animated short. Pokémon CDs have been released in conjunction with the anime. The tracks feature songs that have been shown in the English dubbed version of the anime.

Pokémon Diamond and Pearl began airing in Japan on September 28, 2006 with a three-episode arc introducing the new series' main female character Dawn (known in Japan as Hikari), based on the playable female player in the Diamond and Pearl games. The new series aired with a sneak preview on April 20, 2007 in the USA. The sneak preview aired on May 5 in Canada. A dubbed version of the 90-minute preview done in Japan, Diamond and Pearl takes place in the Sinnoh region, based on the new Diamond and Pearl games. The new series aired in prime time on Cartoon Network starting June 4 at 7:30 PM ET/PT as part of the Cartoon Network Summer 2007 programming promotion. The summer run was confirmed in the Pokémon Ranger and the Temple of the Sea DVD released on April 2, 2007. Pokémon Diamond and Pearl has also been airing on YTV in Canada since September 8, 2007. Ash and Brock are joined by a new coordinator named Dawn, and the trio travel through Sinnoh, collecting gym badges and ribbons. Gary returned in this series.

Diamond and Pearl came to an end on September 9, 2010, and two weeks later was replaced by a new series based on the games, Pokémon Black and Pokémon White. On June 9, 2010, a blog posted by the storyboard writer revealed that the first four episodes of the Pokémon: Black & White series were finished and confirmed Ash returning. Two new characters would be traveling with Ash. On July 1, 2010, the official title of the 4th series - Pocket Monsters: Best Wishes! - was revealed.[5] The series introduced two new characters traveling with Ash - Iris, whose Axew travels in her hair, and Cilan, a "Pokémon Connoisseur" ("Sommelier" in Japan) who is a Gym Leader and specializes in relationships with Pokémon and their trainers. In addition, a new rival, Trip, was introduced as well.

In the UK, the first eight series were aired on multiple channels, ITV1, ITV2, Channel 5 and Sky1. Battle Frontier and Diamond and Pearl were aired on Cartoon Network. The CITV Channel and ITV4 recently broadcast the Battle Frontier episodes for the first time on free TV, on everyday as part of Action Stations!. Battle Dimension started airing in the UK on September 6, 2008, on Disney XD (née Jetix). Jetix/Disney XD advertises itself as "the new home for Pokémon in the UK" even though episodes airing on Jetix/Disney XD have also aired on CITV and ITV4, with ITV4 sometimes premiering new episodes. Jetix/Disney XD's various European channels also started including Pokémon in their schedules from late 2008, making it the only channel to air the newest Pokémon series in some regions. The show will air on Pop soon.

In Germany the series was shown for the first time on 1 September 1999. The English dub was used and simply re-dubbed by providing German dialogue. In Germany so far 15 Seasons was shown from RTL2.

In Australia Pokémon: Black & White seasons airs on Eleven on 27 February 2012 at 7am Weekdays, formerly aired between Season 1-14 from 2000 to 2012 on Network Ten, also aired on Cartoon Network from 2001 to present.

In South Asian regions such as India and Pakistan, Cartoon Network India started to air Pokémon on April 1, 2003 in its English dub from the U.S. and also carried a Hindi dub as a secondary language option. Although, the English dub was collected to be served in the South Asia regions, the Hindi dub is simply a re-dub of the English dub with no changes, other than just simply provide it with Hindi speaking dialogue. Later on, it also provided Tamil and Telugu dubs as well, which were also revised dialogue translations of the English dub.

Cartoon Network India and Pakistan services, along with their Toonami UK service, also carries Pokémon episodes. As of October 9, 2006, Cartoon Network's online service, Toonami Jetstream, featured Pokémon episodes starting at the Orange League episode "The Pokémon Water War". As from November 16, 2009, Cartoon Network India is going to air the dub of Pokémon Diamond and Pearl while Cartoon Network Pakistan is going to air it from November 9, 2009. The last season of Diamond & Pearl series and thirteenth season overall, Pokémon Diamond & Pearl: Sinnoh League Victors premiered on October 3, 2011 in India. The last episode of Diamond & Pearl series that was shown on October 25, 2011 in India, while it is set to premiere on Cartoon Network Pakistan on February 1, 2012. In India, the anime series has been moved to Pogo in Early 2011, and that is where it currently airs, being available in its English, Hindi, Tamil or Telugu dubs. After almost an year and eight months Pokémon: Black & White started on Pogo from 17 June 2013 at 9:30 pm Monday - Thursday.

Controversy

Pokémon has had several anime episodes removed from the rotation in Japan or the rest of the world. The most infamous of these episodes was Electric Soldier Porygon (でんのうせんしポリゴン, Dennō Senshi Porygon). The episode made headlines worldwide when it caused 685 children to experience seizures and seizure-like symptoms caused by a repetitive flash of light.[6] Although the offending sequence was caused by Pikachu's actions, the episode's featured Pokémon, Porygon, has rarely been seen in future episodes, with appearances limited to one brief cameo appearance in the movie Pokémon Heroes and in one scene-bumper later in season 1. Its evolutions Porygon2 and Porygon-Z have only appeared in a brief part of the opening sequence of Pokémon the Movie: Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice.

On September 1, 2006, China banned the series from prime time broadcasting (from 17:00 to 20:00), as it did Western animated series such as The Simpsons, to protect its struggling animation studios.[7] The ban was later extended by one hour.[8]

See also

References

  1. ^ "あにてれ:ポケモンスマッシュ!". Retrieved 2010-10-09.
  2. ^ Romano, Sal (August 17, 2013). "Pokemon: The Origin anime announced". Gematsu. Retrieved August 17, 2013.
  3. ^ Houck, Janet. "A History of Anime, Part 4". A History of Anime. Mania. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
  4. ^ "Save Our Voice Actors". Bulbagarden. Archived from the original on 14 August 2011.
  5. ^ "「ポケットモンスター」 アニメ新シリーズのタイトルが決定!" (in Japanese). Pokémon: Diamond and Pearl website at TV Tokyo. Retrieved 14 July 2010. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  6. ^ Ferlazzo, Edoardo; Zifkin, Benjamin G.; Andermann, Eva; Andermann, Frederick (2005). "REVIEW ARTICLE: Cortical triggers in generalized reflex seizures and epilepsies" (PDF). Oxford University Press.
  7. ^ McDonald, Joe (August 13, 2006). "China Bans 'Simpsons' From Prime-Time TV". The Washington Post.
  8. ^ Nan, Wu (2008-02-19). "China Extends Prime-time Ban on Foreign Cartoons - China Digital Times (CDT)". China Digital Times. Retrieved 2013-06-22.

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