Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation/VerifiedDataSandbox and Ethylene-vinyl acetate: Difference between pages

{{More citations needed|date=December 2015}}

{{

|Verifiedfields = changed

|Watchedfields = changed

|verifiedrevid = 477004170

|Name = ethylene-vinyl acetate

|ImageFile = ethylenvinylacetat.svg

|ImageSize = 150

|OtherNames = Poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate); poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate); polyethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer

|Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers

|Abbreviations =

|ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite||chemspider}}

|ChemSpiderID =

|UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}

|UNII = 4OKC630HS6

| = {{|correct|}}

|CASNo = 24937-78-8

|PubChem = 32742

|ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}

|ChEBI = 166881

|Section2 = {{Chembox Properties

|Formula = (C₂H₄)_n(C₄H₆O₂)_m

|MolarMass = Variable

|MeltingPt = {{convert|90|C|F}}

}}

|Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards

|ExternalSDS = [https://fscimage.fishersci.com/msds/96951.htm MSDS]

}}

}}

[[File:Eva closeup.jpg|thumb|right|a close-up picture of open-celled EVA]]

[[File:Lfg polymer milk (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|EVA polymer "milk"]]

'''Ethylene-vinyl acetate''' ('''EVA'''), also known as '''poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate)''' ('''PEVA'''), is a [[copolymer]] of [[ethylene]] and [[vinyl acetate]]. The weight percent of vinyl acetate usually varies from 10 to 50%, with the remainder being ethylene. There are three different types of EVA copolymer, which differ in the [[vinyl acetate]] (VA) content and the way the materials are used.

The '''EVA''' copolymer which is based on a low proportion of VA (approximately up to 4%) may be referred to as vinyl acetate modified polyethylene. It is a copolymer and is processed as a [[thermoplastic]] material – just like [[low-density polyethylene]]. It has some of the properties of a low-density polyethylene but increased gloss (useful for film), softness and flexibility. The material is generally considered non-toxic.

The '''EVA''' copolymer which is based on a medium proportion of VA (approximately 4 to 30%) is referred to as thermoplastic ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer and is a thermoplastic elastomer material. It is not [[vulcanized]] but has some of the properties of a rubber or of plasticized [[polyvinyl chloride]] particularly at the higher end of the range. Both filled and unfilled EVA materials have good low temperature properties and are tough. The materials with approximately 11% VA are used as hot-melt adhesives.

The '''EVA''' copolymer which is based on a high proportion of VA (greater than 60%) is referred to as ethylene-vinyl acetate rubber.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Qq_vknrP4kC |title=Polymer Technology Dictionary |first1=A. |last1=Whelan |first2=Tony |last2=Whelan |date=27 May 1994 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9780412581809 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

'''EVA''' is an [[elastomer]]ic [[polymer]] that produces materials which are "rubber-like" in softness and flexibility. The material has good clarity and gloss, low-temperature [[toughness]], stress-crack resistance, hot-melt [[adhesive]] waterproof properties, and resistance to [[UV radiation]]. EVA has a distinctive vinegar-like odor and is competitive with [[rubber]] and [[vinyl polymer]] products in many electrical applications.

'''Ethylene-vinyl acetate''' is recyclable, contributing to efforts to reduce environmental impact.This characteristic is relevant today, where we have placed an increasing emphasis on sustainable practices, and as such, makes EVA an environmentally friendly choice.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EVA |url=https://europlas.com.vn/en-US/blog-1/what-is-ethylene-vinyl-acetate-eva-characteristics-and-applications}}</ref>

==Production==

{{Expand section|date=October 2022}}

EVA is made by mixing ethylene and vinyl acetate in a processor, which creates an unrefined mass of EVA. It is fed through rollers that flatten it into sheets, which are then put into a pressure oven.<ref>{{cite web |title=FindSourcing – EVA - Ethylene-vinly Acetate |url=https://www.findsourcing.com/articles/components/eva---ethylene-vinly-acetate |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=www.findsourcing.com |language=en}}</ref> Ethylene-vinyl acetate is based on products from the production of petroleum and natural gas.

Hydrolysis of EVA gives [[ethylene vinyl alcohol]] (EVOH) copolymer (and acetic acid).

==Applications==

<!-- Noodle (2780523440).jpg|[[Pool noodle]]s

This was in the gallery -- I'm commenting it out because the image clearly depicts polyethylene pool noodles. There ARE lots of pool floaties made of EVA, so I'm not removing it entirely. It ought to be added back in if someone can find a photo of EVA noodles -Maybe [File:Where Is My Ball (222438357).jpeg]? [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bicycle_demonstration_with_pool_noodles.jpg]? [[:File:Pullbuoy.jpg]]? If some people see the image and imagine the object in another material, it may not be useful anyway. Foam clogs should be familiar to most humans by now. -->

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Some objects made of EVA">

File:Worn foam kickboard.jpg|Foam [[flutterboard]]

File:Material-vylen-crosslinked-pe-eva.jpg|EVA foam sheets

File:Kneeling pad 01.JPG|Garden [[kneeler]]

File:Green flip flops on red background.jpg|[[Flip-flops|Flip-flop]] sole

File:HK Fashion Plastic Clogs n Shoes n Colourful Crocs Footwear.JPG|Foam [[crocs]]

File:Green yoga block.jpg|[[Yoga block]]s are commonly made of EVA, as are some mats

File:Hopscotch on foam board.jpg|Interlocking floor tiles are often made from EVA foam

</gallery>

[[Hot-melt adhesive]]s (such as hot glue sticks) and top-of-the-line soccer [[cleat (shoe)|cleat]]s are usually made from EVA, generally with additives like [[wax]] and [[resin]]. EVA is also used as a clinginess-enhancing additive in [[plastic wrap]]s. Craft-foam sheets are made of EVA and are popularly used for children's foam stickers.{{clarify|date=December 2015}}

EVA is also used in [[biomedical engineering]] applications as a [[drug delivery|drug-delivery]] device. The polymer is dissolved in an organic solvent (such as [[dichloromethane]]). Powdered drug and filler (typically an inert sugar) are added to the liquid solution and rapidly mixed to obtain a homogeneous mixture. The drug-filler-polymer mixture is then cast into a mold at −80&nbsp;°C and freeze-dried until solid. These devices are used in drug delivery research to slowly release a compound. The polymer does not [[biodegradation|biodegrade]] within the body, but is quite inert and causes little or no reaction following implantation.

EVA is one of the materials popularly known as ''expanded rubber'' or ''foam rubber''. EVA [[foam]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reyes-Labarta |first1=J.A. |last2=Marcilla |first2=A. |title=Thermal Treatment and Degradation of Crosslinked Ethylene Vinyl Acetate-Polyethylene-Azodicarbonamide-ZnO Foams. Complete Kinetic Modelling and Analysis |journal=Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research |date=2012 |volume=51 |issue=28 |pages=9515–9530 |doi=10.1021/ie3006935}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reyes-Labarta |first1=J.A. |last2=Marcilla |first2=A. |title=Differential Scanning Calorimetry Analysis of the Thermal Treatment of Ternary Mixtures of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate, Polyethylene and Azodicarbonamide |journal=Journal of Applied Polymer Science |date=2008 |volume=110 |issue=5 |pages=3217–3224 |doi=10.1002/app.28802 |hdl=10045/13312 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reyes-Labarta |first1=J.A. |last2=Olaya |first2=M.M. |last3=Marcilla |first3=A. |title=DSC Study of the Transitions Involved in the Thermal Treatment of Foamable Mixtures of PE and EVA Copolymer with Azodicarbonamide |journal=Journal of Applied Polymer Science |date=2006 |volume=102 |issue=3 |pages=2015–2025 |doi=10.1002/app.23969 |hdl=10045/24680 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> is used as padding in equipment for various sports such as [[ski boots]], [[bicycle]] saddles, [[hockey]] pads, [[boxing]] and [[mixed martial arts|mixed-martial-arts]] gloves and helmets, [[wakeboard]] boots, [[waterski]] boots, [[fishing rod]]s, and [[fishing reel|fishing-reel]] handles. It is typically used as a [[shock absorber]] in [[sports shoes]], for example. (Some manufacturers of running shoes, such as [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]], market EVA-based compression-moulded foam used in the manufacture of running shoes as "Phylon".<ref>

{{cite book

|last1=Mills

|first1=N. J.

|chapter=Running shoe materials

|editor1-last=Jenkins

|editor1-first=Mike

|title=Materials in Sports Equipment

|volume=1

|location=Cambridge

|publisher=Woodhead Publishing

|date=2003

|pages=74, 76

|isbn=9781855738546

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nrKjAgAAQBAJ

|access-date=2018-11-11

}}

</ref>) It is used for the manufacture of floats for commercial fishing gear such as purse seine ([[seine fishing]]) and [[gillnets]]. In addition, because of its buoyancy, EVA has made its way into non-traditional products such as floating eyewear. It is also used in the [[photovoltaic]]s industry as an encapsulation material for [[crystalline silicon]] [[solar cells]] in the manufacture of [[photovoltaic module]]s. EVA slippers and sandals are popular, being lightweight, easy to form, odourless, glossy, and cheaper than natural rubber. In fishing rods, EVA is used to construct handles on the rod-butt end. EVA can be used as a substitute for [[cork material|cork]] in many applications.

EVA copolymers are adhesives used in packaging, textile, bookbinding for bonding plastic films, metal surfaces, [[coated paper]], and as redispersible powders in [[plaster]]s and [[cement render]]s.

In recent years, EVA foam has seen popular use in [[cosplay]] communities, largely in part due to its ease to work with, durability, and comfort in comparison to traditional plastic-based costumes.<ref>{{cite web|last=Birger|first=Candace|url=https://www.thepopverse.com/cosplay-texture-foam-eva-armor-plexi|title=Cosplay: How to texture EVA foam to upgrade your cosplayer game|work=[[Gamer Network|Popverse]]|date=July 9, 2020|accessdate=April 24, 2024}}</ref>

Flower-making foam is a thin sheet made of EVA, which is flexible, and is used by artists and craft makers to make artificial flowers. These foams are presented as raw sheets and they can be cut into the desired petal shape and then can be formed by ironing to assemble artificial flowers by putting these petals together.<ref name="foamiran">{{cite news |title=What is Flower Making Foam (aka Foamiran)? |url=https://www.foamiran.com/en/What-is-Flower-Making-Foam-aka-Foamiran |access-date=22 January 2018 |work=Foamiran |date=October 12, 2017}}</ref>

EVA is also used in coatings formulation of good-quality interior water-borne [[paint]]s at 53% primary dispersant.

===Other uses===

EVA is used in orthotics, surfboard and skimboard traction pads, car mats, and for the manufacturing of some artificial flowers. It is used as a cold flow improver for diesel fuel and as a separator in [[HEPA filter]]s. EVA can easily be cut from sheets and molded to shape. It is also used to make thermoplastic [[Mouthguard|mouthguards]] that soften in boiling water for a user-specific fit. It is also used for conditioning and waterproofing fabrics and leather.<ref>

{{cite web

|url=https://www.nikwax.com/en-us/how-nikwax-works/

|title=How Nikwax Works

|website=nikwax.com

}}

</ref> EVA finds application in the making of nicotine [[Transdermal patch|transdermal patches]], since the copolymer binds well with other agents to form gel-like substances. EVA is also sometimes used as a material for some plastic model kit parts. One common use of EVA foam rubber is in low frequency (woofer) [[Loudspeaker#Suspension|speaker]] cone membrane support rings<ref>{{Cite web |title= Subwoofers and woofers construction |url=https://learn.sonicelectronix.com/subwoofer-surrounds/}}</ref> (replacing rubber) because of its good mechanical and acoustic properties. Open cell EVA foam is used to damp high frequency acoustical diffraction from tweeter speakers and is often put in the area around the high frequency speaker driver to give better directivity and sonic imaging.

EVA may be used in custom-made dental devices with a proper approach to hygiene.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ogawa |first=Taiji |last2=Yamasaki |first2=Sayaka |last3=Honda |first3=Mariko |last4=Terao |first4=Yutaka |last5=Kawabata |first5=Shigetada |last6=Maeda |first6=Yoshinobu |date=April 2012 |title=Long-term survival of salivary streptococci on dental devices made of ethylene vinyl acetate |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ijos201213 |journal=International Journal of Oral Science |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=14–18 |doi=10.1038/ijos.2012.13 |issn=2049-3169|pmc=3412658 }}</ref>

==Safety and environmental considerations==

Polyethylene vinyl acetate has recently become a popular alternative to [[polyvinyl chloride]] because it does not contain [[chlorine]].<ref name="Meng">{{cite journal |last1=Meng |first1=Tingzhu Teresa |title=Volatile organic compounds of polyethylene vinyl acetate plastic are toxic to living organisms |journal=The Journal of Toxicological Sciences |date=2014 |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=795–802 |doi=10.2131/jts.39.795 |pmid=25242410 |doi-access=free}}</ref> As of 2014, EVA has not been found to be carcinogenic by the [[National Toxicology Program|NTP]], [[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists|ACGIH]], [[International Agency for Research on Cancer|IARC]], or [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration|OSHA]], and has no known adverse effect on human health.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 10, 2014 |title=Safety Data Sheet (SDS) SDS‐101 – Ethylene‐Vinyl‐Acetate |url=http://www.hoehnplastics.com/pdf/sds-101-ethylene-vinyl-acetate.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427125524/https://www.hoehnplastics.com/pdf/sds-101-ethylene-vinyl-acetate.pdf |archive-date=27 April 2021 |access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref> Like many plastics, it is difficult to [[Biodegradation|biodegrade]]. One study suggested it may have adverse effects on certain organisms, but its actual effect on humans has not been determined.<ref name="Meng"/>

==See also==

* [[Polyethylene]]

* [[Polyvinyl acetate]]

* [[Polyvinyl ester]]

* [[Vinyl polymer]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Commons category|Ethylene-vinyl acetate}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220702010427/http://www.kunststoff-handelsnamen.de/Default.aspx?tabid=506 List of EVA tradenames] (2007; last update 2008; last archived 2022)

{{Plastics}}

[[Category:Acetate esters]]

[[Category:Commodity chemicals]]

[[Category:Copolymers]]

[[Category:Elastomers]]

[[Category:Plastics]]

[[Category:Thermoplastics]]

[[Category:Vinyl polymers]]