Verrucariales

Verrucariales
	Unidentified specimen of Verrucaria
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Ascomycota
Class:	Eurotiomycetes
Subclass:	Chaetothyriomycetidae
Order:	Verrucariales; Mattick ex D.Hawksw. & O.E.Erikss. (1986)
Families
	Adelococcaceae; Sarcopyreniaceae; Verrucariaceae;

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Verrucariales is an order of ascomycetous fungi within the subclass Chaetothyriomycetidae of the class Eurotiomycetes. Although most of the Verrucariales are lichenised,^[1] the family Sarcopyreniaceae consists of 11 species of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungi.^[2]

Phylogenomic analysis suggests that the divergence between the lichenized Verrucariales and nonlichenized Chaetothyriales occurred about 131 million years ago.^[3]

Genera of uncertain placement

There are some genera in the Verrucariales that have not been placed with certainty into any family. These are:^[4]

Botryolepraria Canals, Hern.-Mar., Gómez-Bolea & Llimona (1997) – 2 spp.
Gemmaspora D.Hawksw. & Halici (2007) – 1 sp.
Kalbiana Henssen (1998) – 1 sp.
Merismatium Zopf (1898) – 10 spp.

References

^ Gams, Walter; Diederich, Paul; Pöldmaa, Kadri (2011). "Fungicolous fungi". In Greg M. Mueller; Bills, Gerald F.; Foster, Mercedes S. (eds.). Biodiversity of Fungi: Inventory and Monitoring Methods. Academic Press. pp. 343–392. ISBN 978-0-08-047026-9.
^ Diederich, Paul; Lawrey, James D.; Ertz, Damien (2018). "The 2018 classification and checklist of lichenicolous fungi, with 2000 non-lichenized, obligately lichenicolous taxa". The Bryologist. 121 (3): 340–425. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-121.3.340. S2CID 92396850.
^ Wang, Yan-Yan; Liu, Bin; Zhang, Xin-Yu; Zhou, Qi-Ming; Zhang, Tao; Li, Hui; Yu, Yu-Fei; Zhang, Xiao-Ling; Hao, Xi-Yan; Wang, Meng; Wang, Lei; Wei, Jiang-Chun (2014). "Genome characteristics reveal the impact of lichenization on lichen-forming fungus Endocarpon pusillum Hedwig (Verrucariales, Ascomycota)". BMC Genomics. 15 (1): 34. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-34. PMC 3897900. PMID 24438332.
^ Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 53–453. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2. hdl:10481/76378. S2CID 249054641.

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[1] Gams, Walter; Diederich, Paul; Pöldmaa, Kadri (2011). "Fungicolous fungi". In Greg M. Mueller; Bills, Gerald F.; Foster, Mercedes S. (eds.). Biodiversity of Fungi: Inventory and Monitoring Methods. Academic Press. pp. 343–392. ISBN 978-0-08-047026-9.

[Diederich_et_al._2018-2] Diederich, Paul; Lawrey, James D.; Ertz, Damien (2018). "The 2018 classification and checklist of lichenicolous fungi, with 2000 non-lichenized, obligately lichenicolous taxa". The Bryologist. 121 (3): 340–425. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-121.3.340. S2CID 92396850.

[Wang_et_al._2014-3] Wang, Yan-Yan; Liu, Bin; Zhang, Xin-Yu; Zhou, Qi-Ming; Zhang, Tao; Li, Hui; Yu, Yu-Fei; Zhang, Xiao-Ling; Hao, Xi-Yan; Wang, Meng; Wang, Lei; Wei, Jiang-Chun (2014). "Genome characteristics reveal the impact of lichenization on lichen-forming fungus Endocarpon pusillum Hedwig (Verrucariales, Ascomycota)". BMC Genomics. 15 (1): 34. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-34. PMC 3897900. PMID 24438332.

[Wijayawardene_et_al._2022-4] Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 53–453. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2. hdl:10481/76378. S2CID 249054641.

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