Antiretroviral concentrations in breast-feeding infants of mothers receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy
- PMID: 19114673
- PMCID: PMC2650559
- DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01117-08
Antiretroviral concentrations in breast-feeding infants of mothers receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy
Abstract
There are limited data describing the concentrations of zidovudine, lamivudine, and nevirapine in nursing infants as a result of transfer via breast milk. The Kisumu Breastfeeding Study is a phase IIb open-label trial of prenatal, intrapartum, and postpartum maternal treatment with zidovudine, lamivudine, and nevirapine from 34 weeks of gestation to 6 months postpartum. In a pharmacokinetic substudy, maternal plasma, breast milk, and infant dried blood spots were collected for drug assay on the day of delivery and at 2, 6, 14, and 24 weeks after delivery. Sixty-seven mother-infant pairs were enrolled. The median concentrations in breast milk of zidovudine, lamivudine, and nevirapine during the study period were 14 ng/ml, 1,214 ng/ml, and 4,546 ng/ml, respectively. Zidovudine was not detectable in any infant plasma samples obtained after the day of delivery, while the median concentrations in infant plasma samples from postpartum weeks 2, 6, and 14 were 67 ng/ml, 32 ng/ml, and 24 ng/ml for lamivudine and 987 ng/ml, 1,032 ng/ml, and 734 ng/ml for nevirapine, respectively. Therefore, lamivudine and nevirapine, but not zidovudine, are transferred to infants via breast milk in biologically significant concentrations. The extent and effect of infant drug exposure via breast milk must be well understood in order to evaluate the benefits and risks of maternal antiretroviral use during lactation.
Figures
![FIG. 1.](https://cdn.statically.io/img/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/2650559/bin/zac0030979450001.gif)
![FIG. 2.](https://cdn.statically.io/img/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/2650559/bin/zac0030979450002.gif)
![FIG. 3.](https://cdn.statically.io/img/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/2650559/bin/zac0030979450003.gif)
![FIG. 4.](https://cdn.statically.io/img/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/2650559/bin/zac0030979450004.gif)
![FIG. 5.](https://cdn.statically.io/img/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/2650559/bin/zac0030979450005.gif)
Similar articles
-
Antiretroviral interventions for preventing breast milk transmission of HIV.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Oct 4;2014(10):CD011323. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011323. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014. PMID: 25280769 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Antiretrovirals for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jul 6;(7):CD003510. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003510.pub3. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011. PMID: 21735394 Review.
-
Triple antiretroviral compared with zidovudine and single-dose nevirapine prophylaxis during pregnancy and breastfeeding for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 (Kesho Bora study): a randomised controlled trial.Lancet Infect Dis. 2011 Mar;11(3):171-80. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70288-7. Epub 2011 Jan 13. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011. PMID: 21237718 Clinical Trial.
-
Triple antiretroviral prophylaxis administered during pregnancy and after delivery significantly reduces breast milk viral load: a study within the Drug Resource Enhancement Against AIDS and Malnutrition Program.J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007 Mar 1;44(3):286-91. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e31802c5441. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007. PMID: 17146372 Clinical Trial.
-
Antiretroviral concentrations in breast-feeding infants of women in Botswana receiving antiretroviral treatment.J Infect Dis. 2005 Sep 1;192(5):720-7. doi: 10.1086/432483. Epub 2005 Jul 27. J Infect Dis. 2005. PMID: 16088821 Clinical Trial.
Cited by
-
Drugs in Human Milk Part 1: Practical and Analytical Considerations in Measuring Drugs and Metabolites in Human Milk.Clin Pharmacokinet. 2024 May;63(5):561-588. doi: 10.1007/s40262-024-01374-3. Epub 2024 May 15. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2024. PMID: 38748090 Review.
-
The Phenomenon of Antiretroviral Drug Resistance in the Context of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Treatment: Dynamic and Ever Evolving Subject Matter.Biomedicines. 2024 Apr 20;12(4):915. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines12040915. Biomedicines. 2024. PMID: 38672269 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Generic Workflow to Predict Medicine Concentrations in Human Milk Using Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modelling-A Contribution from the ConcePTION Project.Pharmaceutics. 2023 May 11;15(5):1469. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051469. Pharmaceutics. 2023. PMID: 37242712 Free PMC article.
-
Important roles of transporters in the pharmacokinetics of anti-viral nucleoside/nucleotide analogs.Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2022 Jul-Aug;18(7-8):483-505. doi: 10.1080/17425255.2022.2112175. Epub 2022 Sep 9. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2022. PMID: 35975669 Free PMC article.
-
Dynamics of the infant gut microbiota in the first 18 months of life: the impact of maternal HIV infection and breastfeeding.Microbiome. 2022 Apr 12;10(1):61. doi: 10.1186/s40168-022-01230-1. Microbiome. 2022. PMID: 35414043 Free PMC article.
References
-
- Back, D., T. Blaschke, C. Boucher, et al. 2006. Optimizing TDM in HIV clinical care. http://www.hivpharmacology.com.
-
- Bailey, B., and S. Ito. 1997. Breast-feeding and maternal drug use. Pediatr. Clin. N. Am. 44:41-54. - PubMed
-
- Boucher, F. D., J. F. Modlin, S. Weller, A. Ruff, M. Mirochnick, S. Pelton, C. Wilfert, R. McKinney, Jr., M. J. Crain, M. M. Elkins, et al. 1993. Phase I evaluation of zidovudine administered to infants exposed at birth to the human immunodeficiency virus. J. Pediatr. 122:137-144. - PubMed
-
- Coates, J. A., N. Cammack, H. J. Jenkinson, A. J. Jowett, M. I. Jowett, B. A. Pearson, C. R. Penn, P. L. Rouse, K. C. Viner, and J. M. Cameron. 1992. (−)−2′-Deoxy-3′-thiacytidine is a potent, highly selective inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 replication in vitro. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36:733-739. - PMC - PubMed
-
- Colebunders, R., B. Hodossy, D. Burger, T. Daems, K. Roelens, M. Coppens, B. Van Bulck, Y. Jacquemyn, E. Van Wijngaerden, and K. Fransen. 2005. The effect of highly active antiretroviral treatment on viral load and antiretroviral drug levels in breast milk. AIDS 19:1912-1915. - PubMed
Publication types
MeSH terms
Substances
Grants and funding
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Medical