Alexander Graham Bell: Difference between revisions

{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}}{{Infobox person

'''Alexander Graham Bell''' (March 3, 1847 - August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born British-Canadian-American teacher, scientist, and inventor. He was the founder of the [[Bell Telephone Company]]. In 1876, Bell was the first inventor to [[patent]] the telephone, and he helped start the Bell Telephone Company with others in July 1877.<ref name="WDL"/> In 1879, this company joined with the New England Telephone Company to form the National Bell Telephone Company. In 1880, they formed the American Bell Telephone Company, and in 1885, [[AT&T|American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T)]], still a large company today. Along with [[Thomas Edison]], Bell formed the [[Oriental Telephone Company]] on January 25, 1881.

==Early life==

Alexander Graham Bell was born in [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]]. His family was known for teaching people how to speak English clearly ([[elocution]]). Both his [[grandfather]], Alexander Bell, and his father, Alexander Melville Bell, taught elocution. His father wrote often about this and is most known for his invention and writings of [[Visible Speech]].<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11375/ |title = Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory Notebook, 1875-1876 |website = [[World Digital Library]] |date = 1875–1876 |accessdate = 2013-07-24 }}</ref> In his writings he explained ways of teaching people who were [[deafness|deaf]] and [[Muteness|Mute]]. It also showed how these people could learn to speak words by watching their lips and reading what other people were saying.

==Education==

Alexander Graham Bell went to the Royal High School of [[Edinburgh]]. He [[Graduation|graduated]] at the age of [[fifteen]]. At the age of sixteen, he got a job as a student and teacher of elocution and [[music]] in Weston House Academy, at [[Elgin, Moray|Elgin]] in [[Morayshire]]. He spent the next year at the [[University of Edinburgh]]. While still in Scotland, he became more interested in the [[science]] of sound ([[acoustics]]). He hoped to help his deaf mother. From 1866 to 1867, he was a teacher at Somersetshire College in [[Bath, Somerset]].

==Career==

In 1870 when he was 23 years old, he moved with his family to [[Canada]] where they settled at [[Brantford, Ontario]].<ref name="WDL"/> Bell began to study [[communication]] [[machine]]s. He made a [[piano]] that could be heard far away by using [[electricity]]. In 1871 he went with his father to [[Montreal, Quebec]] in [[Canada]], where he took a job teaching about "[[visible speech]]". His father was asked to teach about it at a large school for deaf mutes in [[Boston, Massachusetts]], but instead he gave the job to his son. The younger Bell began teaching there in 1872.<ref name="WDL"/> Alexander Graham Bell soon became famous in the [[United States]] for this important work. He published many writings about it in [[Washington, D.C.]]. Because of this work, thousands of deaf mutes in the [[United States|United States of America]] are now able to speak, even though they cannot hear.

=== Inventions ===

Bell's genius is seen in part by the eighteen patents granted in his name alone and the twelve that he shared with others. These included fifteen for the [[telephone]] and [[telegraph]], four for the [[photophone]], one for the [[phonograph]], five for [[aeronautics]], four for [[hydrofoil]]s, and two for a [[selenium]] cell.<br /> In 1888, he was one of the original members of the [[National Geographic Society]] and became its second president.

He was given many honors.

* The [[France|French government]] gave him the decoration of the [[Legion of Honor]].

* The [[Royal Society of Arts]] in London awarded him the [[Albert Medal (Royal Society of Arts)|Albert medal]] in 1902.

* The University of [[Würzburg]], [[Bavaria]], granted him the Degree of PhD

=== Telephone ===

His past experience made him ready to work more with sound and electricity. He began his studies in 1874 with a musical [[telegraph]], in which he used an electric circuit and a [[magnet]] to make an [[iron]] reed or tongue vibrate. One day, it was found that a reed failed to respond to the current. Mr. Bell desired his assistant, who was at the other end of the line, to pluck the reed, thinking it had stuck to the magnet. His assistant, Thomas Watson complied, and to his surprise, Bell heard the corresponding reed at his end of the line vibrate and sound the same - without any electric current to power it. A few experiments soon showed that his reed had been set in vibration by the changes in the magnetic field that the moving reed produced in the line. This discovery led him to stop using the electric battery current. His idea was that, since the circuit was never broken, all the complex [[vibration]]s of speech might be converted into currents, which in turn would reproduce the speech at a distance.

Bell, with his assistant, devised a receiver, consisting of a stretched film or drum with a bit of magnetised iron attached to its middle, and free to vibrate in front of the pole of an electromagnet in circuit with the line. This apparatus was completed on June 2, 1875. On July 7, he instructed his assistant to make a second receiver which could be used with the first, and a few days later they were tried together, at each end of the line, which ran from a room in the inventor's house at Boston to the cellar underneath. Bell, in the room, held one instrument in his hands, while Watson in the cellar listened at the other. The inventor spoke into his instrument, "''Do you understand what I say?''" and Mr. Watson rushed back into the upstairs and answered "''Yes.''" The first successful two-way telephone call was not made until March 10, 1876 when Bell spoke into his device, "Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you." and Watson answered back and came into the room to see Bell.<ref name="WDL"/> The first long distance telephone call was made on August 10, 1876 by Bell from the family home in [[Brantford, Ontario]] to his assistant in [[Paris, Ontario]], some 16 [[kilometre|km]] (10 [[mile|mi]].) away.

On March 7, 1876, the [[U.S. Patent Office]] gave him [[patent]] #174465 for the ''[[telephone]]''.<ref name="WDL"/>

=== Metal detector ===

Bell is also credited with the invention of an improved [[metal detector]] in 1881 that made sounds when it was near metal. The device was quickly put together in an attempt to find the bullet in the body of [[President (United States)|U.S. President]] [[James Garfield]]. The metal detector worked, but did not find the bullet because of the metal bedframe the President was lying on. Bell gave a full description of his experiments in a paper read before the "American Association for the Advancement of Science" in August, 1882.

==Personal life==

Bell married Mabel Hubbard on July 11, 1877 and they had four children. He died of problems caused by [[anemia]] and [[diabetes]] at his home near [[Baddeck, Nova Scotia|Baddeck]], [[Nova Scotia]] in 1922. He was 75 years old.

=== Opinions ===

Bell was an active supporter of the [[eugenics]] movement in the United States. He was the honorary president of the "Second International Congress of Eugenics" held at the [[American Museum of Natural History]] in New York in 1921.

As a teacher of the deaf, Bell did not want deaf people to teach in schools for the deaf. He was also against the use of [[sign language]]. These things mean that he is not appreciated by some deaf people in the present day.

==References==

{{reflist}}

== Other websites ==

*{{Commons category inline}}

* [http://www.bellhomestead.ca/ Bell Homestead, National Historic Site]

* [http://listeningandspokenlanguage.org/ Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722150632/http://listeningandspokenlanguage.org/ |date=2013-07-22 }}

* [http://www.famousscientists.org/alexander-graham-bell/ Biography of Alexander Graham Bell]