Falsafa (kutoka Kigiriki φιλοσοφία filosofia = filo, pendo la sofia, hekima) ni jaribio la kuelewa na kueleza ulimwengu kwa kutumia akili inayofuata hoja za mantiki. Kwa hiyo ili kutengeneza falsafa yako kunahitajika kuwa na hoja za msingi, hoja zilizojaa hoja (akili), kisha kuiweka falsafa yako kwa jamii ili waisome na kuielewa. Wapo watakaokubaliana na wewe kulingana na hoja zako na wapo watakaokupinga kutokana na hoja zako vilevile.

Wanafalsafa Plato na Aristoteli; uchongaji wa karne ya 15 kwenye mnara wa kanisa huko Firenze, Italia.

Falsafa huchunguza mambo kama kuweko na kutokuweko, ukweli, ujuzi, uzuri, mema na mabaya, lugha, haki na mengine yoyote.

Tofauti na dini, imani au itikadi, njia ya falsafa ni mantiki inayoeleza hatua zake ikiwa tayari kuchungulia upya kila hatua iliyochukua. Kwa hiyo falsafa ni njia ya kuuliza maswali na kutafuta majibu.

Katika lugha ya kila siku neno "falsafa" mara nyingi linachukuliwa kutaja jumla ya mafundisho au imani ya mtu au kundi la watu, kwa mfano "falsafa ya chama fulani", "falsafa ya maisha yangu" na kadhalika. Lakini kwa jumla fikra hizo hazistahili kuitwa "falsafa". Ila tu kuna makundi ya wanafalsafa wanaopendelea mielekeo tofauti na kuhusu haya inawezekana kutumia neno "falsafa ya fulani" kwa kutaja matokeo ya kazi yao.

Matawi ya falsafa

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Falsafa jinsi inavyoendeshwa kwenye vyuo vikuu huwa na matawi kadhaa kama vile:

Aina za falsafa

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Kuna mbinu nyingi za falsafa zilizoendelea kulingana na mazingira ya utamaduni ambako wanafalsafa waliishi. Mara nyingi falsafa imeendelea karibu na dini, ndani ya dini au kwa mchanganyiko na dini mbalimbali.

Lakini falsafa inachunguza pia matamko ya dini na kuuliza maswali juu ya maana ya matamko haya.

Wanafalsafa muhimu wa Asia walikuwa Konfutse na Lao Tze katika China na Buddha katika Uhindi.

Chanzo cha falsafa katika Ulaya kilitokea katika ustaarabu wa Ugiriki ya Kale. Wanafalsafa wa huko waliweka misingi mingi kwa dunia ya baadaye pamoja na misingi ya sayansi ya sasa. Kati ya majina mashuhuri ni Plato na Aristoteli.

Wanafalsafa

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Wanafalsafa wa mapokeo ya magharibi

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Wanafalsafa wa kisasa kutoka Ulaya na Marekani

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Wanafalsafa wa Afrika

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Wanafalsafa wa Asia

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Tazama pia

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Marejeo

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  • A. Mihanjo, Falsafa na Usanifu wa Hoja, Salvatorianum, Morogoro
  • A. Mihanjo, Falsafa na Ufunuo wa Maarifa, Salvatorianum, Morogoro

Marejeo mengine

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Vyanzo (google books)
  • Edwards, Paul, mhr. (1967). [[[:Kigezo:Google books]] The Encyclopedia of Philosophy]. Macmillan & Free Press. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |editorlink= ignored (|editor-link= suggested) (help)
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  • Bowker, John (1999). [[[:Kigezo:Google books]] The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions]. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-19-866242-6. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Baldwin, Thomas, mhr. (27 Novemba 2003). [[[:Kigezo:Google books]] The Cambridge History of Philosophy 1870–1945]. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59104-1. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  • Copenhaver, Brian P.; Schmitt, Charles B. (24 Septemba 1992). [[[:Kigezo:Google books]] Renaissance philosophy]. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-219203-5. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
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  • Rutherford, Donald (12 Oktoba 2006). [[[:Kigezo:Google books]] The Cambridge Companion to Early Modern Philosophy]. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82242-8. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
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  • Kenny, Anthony (16 Agosti 2012). [[[:Kigezo:Google books]] A New History of Western Philosophy]. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-958988-3. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  • Honderich, T., mhr. (1995). [[[:Kigezo:Google books]] The Oxford Companion to Philosophy]. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-866132-0. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Bunnin, Nicholas; Tsui-James, Eric, whr. (15 Aprili 2008). [[[:Kigezo:Google books]] The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy]. John Wiley & Sons. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); Text "isbn
  • Schmitt, C. B.; Skinner, Quentin, whr. (1988). [[[:Kigezo:Google books]] The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy]. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-39748-3. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Kenny, Anthony (16 Agosti 2012). [[[:Kigezo:Google books]] A New History of Western Philosophy]. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-958988-3. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  • Honderich, T., mhr. (1995). [[[:Kigezo:Google books]] The Oxford Companion to Philosophy]. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-866132-0. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Bunnin, Nicholas; Tsui-James, Eric, whr. (15 Aprili 2008). [[[:Kigezo:Google books]] The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy]. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-99787-1. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  • Copleston, Frederick Charles (1953). [[[:Kigezo:Google books]] A history of philosophy: volume III: Ockham to Suárez]. Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-0067-5. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Leaman, Oliver; Morewedge, Parviz (2000). "Islamic philosophy modern". Katika Craig, Edward (mhr.). [[[:Kigezo:Google books]] Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy]. Psychology Press. ISBN 0-415-22364-4. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Buccellati, Giorgio (1981-01-01). "Wisdom and Not: The Case of Mesopotamia". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 101 (1): 35–47. doi:10.2307/602163. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)" ignored (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
Utangulizi
Kwa eneo
Mashariki
Afrika
Uislamu
  • Medieval Islamic Philosophical Writings edited by Muhammad Ali Khalidi
  • Leaman, Oliver. A Brief Introduction to Islamic Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-7456-1960-6.
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  • Aminrazavi, Mehdi Amin Razavi; Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Nasr, PH.D., Seyyed Hossein (16 Desemba 2013). [[[:Kigezo:Google books]] The Islamic Intellectual Tradition in Persia]. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-78105-6. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
Historia
Ya kale
  • Knight, Kelvin. Aristotelian Philosophy: Ethics and Politics from Aristotle to MacIntyre. ISBN 978-0-7456-1977-4
Karne za kati
  • The Phenomenology Reader by Dermot Moran, Timothy Mooney
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  • Husserl, Edmund; Welton, Donn (1999). [[[:Kigezo:Google books]] The Essential Husserl: Basic Writings in Transcendental Phenomenology]. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-21273-1. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
Karne za mwishomwisho
  • Existentialism: Basic Writings (Second Edition) by Charles Guignon, Derk Pereboom
  • Curley, Edwin, A Spinoza Reader, Princeton, 1994, ISBN 978-0-691-00067-1
  • Bullock, Alan, R. B. Woodings, and John Cumming, eds. The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thinkers, in series, Fontana Original[s]. Hammersmith, Eng.: Fontana Press, 1992, cop. 1983. xxv, 867 p. ISBN 978-0-00-636965-3
  • Scruton, Roger. A Short History of Modern Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-415-26763-2
Ya sasa
Makala muhimu
  • Chan, Wing-tsit (1963). [[[:Kigezo:Google books]] A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy]. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01964-9. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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  • Honderich, T., mhr. (1995). [[[:Kigezo:Google books]] The Oxford Companion to Philosophy]. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-866132-0. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
  • The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy by Robert Audi
  • The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (10 vols.) edited by Edward Craig, Luciano Floridi (available online by subscription); or
  • The Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy edited by Edward Craig (an abridgement)
  • Edwards, Paul, mhr. (1967). [[[:Kigezo:Google books]] The Encyclopedia of Philosophy]. Macmillan & Free Press. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); Unknown parameter |editorlink= ignored (|editor-link= suggested) (help); in 1996, a ninth supplemental volume appeared that updated the classic 1967 encyclopedia.
  • International Directory of Philosophy and Philosophers. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
  • Directory of American Philosophers. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
  • Routledge History of Philosophy (10 vols.) edited by John Marenbon
  • History of Philosophy (9 vols.) by Frederick Copleston
  • A History of Western Philosophy (5 vols.) by W. T. Jones
  • History of Italian Philosophy (2 vols.) by Eugenio Garin. Translated from Italian and Edited by Giorgio Pinton. Introduction by Leon Pompa.
  • Encyclopaedia of Indian Philosophies (8 vols.), edited by Karl H. Potter et al. (first 6 volumes out of print)
  • Indian Philosophy (2 vols.) by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
  • A History of Indian Philosophy (5 vols.) by Surendranath Dasgupta
  • History of Chinese Philosophy (2 vols.) by Fung Yu-lan, Derk Bodde
  • Instructions for Practical Living and Other Neo-Confucian Writings by Wang Yang-ming by Chan, Wing-tsit
  • Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy edited by Antonio S. Cua
  • Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion by Ingrid Fischer-Schreiber, Franz-Karl Ehrhard, Kurt Friedrichs
  • Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy by Brian Carr, Indira Mahalingam
  • A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English by John A. Grimes
  • History of Islamic Philosophy edited by Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Oliver Leaman
  • History of Jewish Philosophy edited by Daniel H. Frank, Oliver Leaman
  • A History of Russian Philosophy: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Centuries by Valerii Aleksandrovich Kuvakin
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  • Bunnin, Nicholas; Tsui-James, Eric, whr. (15 Aprili 2008). [[[:Kigezo:Google books]] The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy]. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-99787-1. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  • Hoffman, Eric, Ed. (1997) Guidebook for Publishing Philosophy. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
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  • Copleston, Frederick Charles (1953). [[[:Kigezo:Google books]] A history of philosophy: volume III: Ockham to Suárez]. Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-0067-5. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Leaman, Oliver; Morewedge, Parviz (2000). "Islamic philosophy modern". Katika Craig, Edward (mhr.). [[[:Kigezo:Google books]] Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy]. Psychology Press. ISBN 0-415-22364-4. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Buccellati, Giorgio (1981-01-01). "Wisdom and Not: The Case of Mesopotamia". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 101 (1): 35–47. doi:10.2307/602163. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Viungo vya nje

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