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. 2006 Oct 10;103(41):15118-23.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.0604033103. Epub 2006 Oct 2.

The history of early bee diversification based on five genes plus morphology

Bryan N Danforth  1 , Sedonia Sipes, Jennifer Fang, Seán G Brady
Affiliations

The history of early bee diversification based on five genes plus morphology

Bryan N Danforth et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. .

Abstract

Bees, the largest (>16,000 species) and most important radiation of pollinating insects, originated in early to mid-Cretaceous, roughly in synchrony with the angiosperms (flowering plants). Understanding the diversification of the bees and the coevolutionary history of bees and angiosperms requires a well supported phylogeny of bees (as well as angiosperms). We reconstructed a robust phylogeny of bees at the family and subfamily levels using a data set of five genes (4,299 nucleotide sites) plus morphology (109 characters). The molecular data set included protein coding (elongation factor-1alpha, RNA polymerase II, and LW rhodopsin), as well as ribosomal (28S and 18S) nuclear gene data. Analyses of both the DNA data set and the DNA+morphology data set by parsimony and Bayesian methods yielded a single well supported family-level tree topology that places Melittidae as a paraphyletic group at the base of the phylogeny of bees. This topology ("Melittidae-LT basal") is significantly better than a previously proposed alternative topology ("Colletidae basal") based both on likelihood and Bayesian methods. Our results have important implications for understanding the early diversification, historical biogeography, host-plant evolution, and fossil record of bees. The earliest branches of bee phylogeny include lineages that are predominantly host-plant specialists, suggesting that host-plant specificity is an ancestral trait in bees. Our results suggest an African origin for bees, because the earliest branches of the tree include predominantly African lineages. These results also help explain the predominance of Melittidae, Apidae, and Megachilidae among the earliest fossil bees.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
Equal weights of parsimony analysis of five genes combined (with gaps coded as a fifth state) plus morphology. Bootstrap values above the nodes are for the DNA+morphology analysis; bootstrap values below the nodes are for the analysis of the DNA data alone. Families are color-coded. The clade united by the presence of a hemicryptic midcoxa is indicated by the black dot.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.
Bayesian analysis of five genes combined. Posterior probabilities for the GTR+SYM[18s]+I+G model (the preferred model) are shown above the branches, and posterior probabilities for the GTR+I+G model are shown below the branches. Bayesian posterior probabilities are based on the last 8,000 trees of each analysis. Families are color-coded. The clade united by the presence of a hemicryptic midcoxa is indicated by the black dot.
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