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. 2019 May 13;14(5):e0215731.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215731. eCollection 2019.

Two Ektaphelenchinae Paramonov, 1964 (Nematoda: Rhabditida) from Iran have tripartite stylet, with similar observations in other species

Majid Pedram  1
Affiliations

Two Ektaphelenchinae Paramonov, 1964 (Nematoda: Rhabditida) from Iran have tripartite stylet, with similar observations in other species

Majid Pedram. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Two ektaphelenchid nematodes representing one new and one known species are illustrated and characterized using morphological and molecular data. Ektaphelenchus kanzakii n. sp. is mainly characterized by its tripartite stylet having a well visible wide lumen, encompassing a sclerotized and acute anterior part (the conus), a short and slightly tapering middle part (the conophore) that is equally sclerotized but clearly separate from the conus, and a long posterior part that is cylindrical and only weakly sclerotized (the shaft) without basal knobs or swellings. It is further characterized by 863.5 (772-926) μm long females having 23.8 (21.2-27.0) μm long total stylet, distinctly annulated cuticle, three lines in lateral field, vulva at 76.6 (75.3-80.0)%, no rectum, vestigial anus in some individuals, conical posterior body end (tail) with narrow ventrally bent tip, common males in population with two pairs of caudal papillae (the single precloacal papilla and the third caudal pair lacking), spicules with dorsally bent tip and conical tail with sharp or blunt tip. The new species is morphologically compared with close species having conical posterior body end and stylet lacking basal knobs or swellings. Iranian population of Devibursaphelenchus teratospicularis, the second studied species, is characterized by 679.5 (620-709) μm long females having 18.6 (17.5-20.0) μm long total stylet with similar structure to the previous species, subcylindrical body end with widely rounded tip, and rare males with typical spicules of this species and a pair of precloacal and a pair of caudal papillae. Molecular phylogenetic studies of the two recovered species using small and large subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU and LSU rDNA) partial sequences revealed they have close phylogenetic affinities with Ektaphelenchus obtusus in both reconstructed trees. However, species of both genera Ektaphelenchus and Devibursaphelenchus don't form monophyletic groups in SSU and LSU trees. New observations on stylet structure of the two presently studied and some other ektaphelenchid species having available light microphotographs (LM) yielded on definition of a new term "conophore" for the middle part of the ektaphelenchid-type tripartite stylet.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Line drawings of Ektaphelenchus kanzakii n. sp.
A&B: Female and male entire body, C&D: Anterior end and corresponding details, E: Pharynx, F: Male posterior body region, G: Stylet structure (cop.: conophore), H&I: Female posterior body end, J: Spicules, K: Epiptygma-like small differentiation (arrowhead).
Fig 2
Fig 2. Light microphotographs of Ektaphelenchus kanzakii n. sp.
A: Part of female reproductive system (epiptygma-like differentiation in vulva is visible; arrowhead), B: Part of pharynx (inset: Stylet in detail, ca. 20 μm long), C&D: Anterior end, E: Conus and middle part of stylet in high contrast, F&J: Female posterior body end, G&K: Male posterior body end, H: Lateral lines, I: Spicules. (All scale bars = 10 μm, except the inset in plate B, its conus 7 μm).
Fig 3
Fig 3. Iranian population of Devibursaphelenchus teratospicularis Kakulia & Devdariani, 1965 [13].
A-C: Anterior region of body (B: Stylet in higher magnitude), D: Vulva region and postvulval uterine sac (PUS), E: Female posterior body end, F&G: Male posterior body end, H: Spicules, I: Bursa in lateral view. (All scale bars = 10 μm).
Fig 4
Fig 4. Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree inferred from SSU rDNA of Ektaphelenchus kanzakii n. sp. and Iranian population of Devibursaphelenchus teratospicularis Kakulia & Devdariani, 1965 [13] under the GTR + G + I model.
Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) more than 50% are given for appropriate clades. New sequences are in bold font.
Fig 5
Fig 5. Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree inferred from LSU rDNA D2-D3 of Ektaphelenchus kanzakii n. sp. and Iranian population of Devibursaphelenchus teratospicularis Kakulia & Devdariani, 1965 [13] under the GTR + G + I model.
Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) more than 50% are given for appropriate clades. New sequences are in bold font.
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Grants and funding

This work was supported by Tarbiat Modares University. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.