The four main types of chemical reactions are synthesis reactions, decomposition reactions, single-displacement reactions, and double-displacement reactions.
Single-Displacement Reaction Definition
A single-displacement reaction is a chemical reaction where one reactant is exchanged for one ion of a second reactant. It is also known as a single-replacement reaction. Single displacement reactions take the form:
A + BC → B + AC
Single-Displacement Reaction Examples
The reaction between zinc metal and hydrochloric acid to produce zinc chloride and hydrogen gas is an example of a single-displacement reaction:
Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Another example is the displacement of iron from an iron(II) oxide solution using coke as a carbon source:
2 Fe2O3 (s) + 3 C (s) → Fe(s) + CO2 (g)
Recognizing a Single-Displacement Reaction
When you look at the chemical equation for a reaction, a single-displacement reaction is characterized by one cation or anion trading places with another to form a new product. It's easy to spot when one of the reactants is an element and the other is a compound. Usually, when two compounds react, both cations or both anions will change partners, producing a double-displacement reaction.
You can predict whether a single-displacement reaction will occur by comparing the reactivity of an element using an activity series table. In general, a metal can displace any metal lower in the activity series (cations). The same rule applies to halogens (anions).