Domestically funded health care, well-trained health workforce, provision of diagnosis and treatment through universal health care (including visitors and migrants) enable a rapid response to outbreaks
4.1 Strengthened country capacity in data and innovation
Strengthening health systems to get to ‒ and stay at ‒ ZERO malaria cases
Malaria eliminated in 10 countries in 5 years
The elimination target was set by the WHO global malaria strategy. A country that was malaria-endemic in 2015 had to achieve at least one year of zero indigenous cases and then maintain that status through the end of 2020. Countries that reach at least 3 years of zero indigenous cases are eligible to apply for an official WHO certification of malaria elimination.
X
Algeria
Certified in 2019
Domestically funded health care, well-trained health workforce, provision of diagnosis and treatment through universal health care (including visitors and migrants) enable a rapid response to outbreaks
X
Azerbaijan
Eligible in 2016
Strong public health system infrastructure with skilled, motivated personnel, signed Tashkent declaration with 8 neighbouring countries to scale up response and interrupt transmission completely
Strong public health system infrastructure with skilled, motivated personnel, signed Tashkent declaration with 8 neighbouring countries to scale up response and interrupt transmission completely
X
Belize
Eligible in 2021
Reoriented surveillance according to risk stratification to focus on areas where people are more likely to be affected and maintains surveillance in ports and airports
Reoriented surveillance according to risk stratification to focus on areas where people are more likely to be affected and maintains surveillance in ports and airports
X
Cabo Verde
Eligible in 2021
All patients are treated by the public sector with at least 3 days of hospitalization, which helps to improve rates of adherence to medication
All patients are treated by the public sector with at least 3 days of hospitalization, which helps to improve rates of adherence to medication
X
China
Eligible in 2019
Inter-ministerial effort in health, education, finance, research and science, development, public security, the army, police, commerce, industry, information technology, the media and tourism
Inter-ministerial effort in health, education, finance, research and science, development, public security, the army, police, commerce, industry, information technology, the media and tourism
X
El Salvador
Certified in 2021
Maintains a network of > 3000 community health workers to identify imported cases early before they transmit infections onwards
Maintains a network of > 3000 community health workers to identify imported cases early before they transmit infections onwards
X
Islamic Republic of Iran
Eligible in 2020
Diagnosis, treatment and prevention provided free of charge, including for migrant workers from neighbouring countries, and volunteers trained in use of rapid diagnostic tests and compliance with treatment regimens
Diagnosis, treatment and prevention provided free of charge, including for migrant workers from neighbouring countries, and volunteers trained in use of rapid diagnostic tests and compliance with treatment regimens
X
Malaysia
Eligible in 2021
Extensive surveillance system in villages and stratification based on risk of mosquito bites and likelihood of importation particularly on plantations where labourers who often travel receive treatment free-of-charge
Extensive surveillance system in villages and stratification based on risk of mosquito bites and likelihood of importation particularly on plantations where labourers who often travel receive treatment free-of-charge
X
Sri Lanka
Certified in 2016
Effective surveillance combined with mobile clinics enabled prompt, effective treatment in areas of high transmission in the middle of a civil war
Effective surveillance combined with mobile clinics enabled prompt, effective treatment in areas of high transmission in the middle of a civil war
X
Tajikistan
Eligible in 2018
Districts still have reserve stocks of anti-malarial drugs, insecticides and bednets, and health education continues for population in higher-risk areas
Districts still have reserve stocks of anti-malarial drugs, insecticides and bednets, and health education continues for population in higher-risk areas
2021
rapidly developed to support countries adapt their strategies
Operational guidance on
maintaining essential health services during COVID-19
rapidly developed to support countries adapt their strategies
2020
A new manual provides guidance on
A new manual provides guidance on
preparing for the official WHO certification
of malaria elimination
2020
Tailoring malaria interventions to the COVID-19 pandemic provides guidance on
adapting interventions during the evolving emergency
and associated restrictions
2019
2018
Malaria Elimination Oversight Committee established to
share issues that could threaten elimination
and maintain a 360° view of the work of countries and regions towards malaria elimination
2017
innovations and best practices
Convening Member States to share
innovations and best practices
2017
Comprehensive framework of
tools, activities and dynamic strategies
that can be adapted to the local context
2017
Malaria Elimination Certification Panel established to review evidence that a country has interrupted
the chain of indigenous transmission for at least 3 years
and has a programme to prevent re-establishment
2015
Global technical strategy for malaria 2016–2030 set the target to eliminate malaria in 5 countries by 2020.
2015
of malaria with primaquine and artemisinin-based combination therapy
Guidelines on
treatment
of malaria with primaquine and artemisinin-based combination therapy
10 years since world health report "Health systems financing: the path to universal health coverage"
X
930 Million
-1.png?sfvrsn=872dd4cb_3)
X
UHC Service index
-1.png?sfvrsn=a7b784e6_5)
X
Thailand
Launched a Universal Coverage UHC scheme in 2012, which resulted in 98% of the population with coverage, at a cost to the Government of US$ 80 per beneficiary
Because we are poor, we cannot afford not to have universal health coverage.
Thai Minister of Public Health on Universal Health Coverage Day, 2016
Launched a Universal Coverage UHC scheme in 2012, which resulted in 98% of the population with coverage, at a cost to the Government of US$ 80 per beneficiary
Because we are poor, we cannot afford not to have universal health coverage.
Thai Minister of Public Health on Universal Health Coverage Day, 2016
X
Timor Leste
Large, predominantly government participation in health care and services in public facilities provided free at point of delivery and little private expenditure; however, financial hardship due to large household expenditure on health has slightly increased.
| Coverage of essential services | < 10% household expenditure on health |
|---|---|
| Improved from 24/100 (2000) to 52/100 (2017) | Worsened from 2.6% (2001) to 2.9% (2014) |
Coverage of essential services should be improved; e.g. only 57% of births are attended by skilled personnel and only 73.5% of children are fully vaccinated by 12 months of age.
*
Large, predominantly government participation in health care and services in public facilities provided free at point of delivery and little private expenditure; however, financial hardship due to large household expenditure on health has slightly increased.
| Coverage of essential services | < 10% household expenditure on health |
|---|---|
| Improved from 24/100 (2000) to 52/100 (2017) | Worsened from 2.6% (2001) to 2.9% (2014) |
Coverage of essential services should be improved; e.g. only 57% of births are attended by skilled personnel and only 73.5% of children are fully vaccinated by 12 months of age.
*
X
Bolivia
Tripled public spending on health in a decade, increasing public expenditure on primary health care to 37%, as compared with a regional average of < 15%
| Coverage of essential services | > 10% household expenditure on health |
|---|---|
| Improved from 41/100 (2000) to 68/100 (2017) | Improved from 11.06% (2000) to 6.02% (2016) |
1 in 3 Latin American countries close to reaching the goal of allocating 6% of GDP towards public health.
Tripled public spending on health in a decade, increasing public expenditure on primary health care to 37%, as compared with a regional average of < 15%
| Coverage of essential services | > 10% household expenditure on health |
|---|---|
| Improved from 41/100 (2000) to 68/100 (2017) | Improved from 11.06% (2000) to 6.02% (2016) |
1 in 3 Latin American countries close to reaching the goal of allocating 6% of GDP towards public health.
2020
WHO launches Health Financing Progress Matrix to monitor
policies that directly contribute
to improved financial protection and service coverage
2019
3rd global monitoring report shows divergent progress towards UHC since 2000:
increase of
2.3%
service coverage annually
increase of
3.6%
catastrophic health spending
and recommends
2019
United Nations Member States adopt high-level political declaration to ensure that everyone has access to essential health services without experiencing financial hardship
2017
Support provided:
- options for a health financing policy;
- knowledge on crucial aspects and implications of a new policy, including governance financing, management of health services and integrated health service networks; and
- facilitation of discussions with stakeholder to ensure buy-in to a new policy
2017
2nd global monitoring report shows:
2nd global monitoring report shows:
more than
3.65
billion people
Do not receive essential services
more than
100
million people
are pushed into extreme poverty because of health spending
2015
1st global monitoring report tracks countries’ progress towards universal health coverage:
more than
4
billion people
Do not receive essential health services
6%
of people
in low-and-middle-income countries are in extreme poverty because of catastrophic health spending
2015
Resolution WHA64.9 requests the Director-General to approve a plan of action to support Member States in realizing universal coverage as envisaged by the World Health Report 2010
Member States urged to ensure health financing is available to implement policies to avoid catastrophic health-care expenditure and impoverishment as a result of seeking care.
2010
The World Health Report 2010 on health systems financing provides a
road map
to achieving universal health coverage after the global financial crisis in 2009
Revolutionizing access to medicines across the globe
The WHO model list of essential medicines has played a central role in mitigating the most damaging effects of HIV, and other diseases as well.
Today, the list serves as a tool to guide member countries' selection of medicines and policies against two major global crises: antibiotic resistance and the surge of cancers. When we face health and welfare calamities, the WHO model list can lead the way to strengthen human rights and health-based medicine policies.
X
Essential medicines list
90% of essential medicines | |||
on the WHO model list of essential medicines can be subjected to competition only 5-10% are patented agents |
90% of essential medicines | |||
on the WHO model list of essential medicines can be subjected to competition only 5-10% are patented agents |
X
Antiretroviral treatment
20 m people | US$ 1.96 b saved | |
| worldwide have access to antiretroviral treatment | in international procurement of HIV and hepatitis C medicines and supplied 50 m patient-years of treatment over last 8 years |
20 m people | US$ 1.96 b saved | |
| worldwide have access to antiretroviral treatment | in international procurement of HIV and hepatitis C medicines and supplied 50 m patient-years of treatment over last 8 years |
X
Cancer treatment
Most countries selecting WHO-recommended medicines for primary care and infectious diseases
More should select WHO-recommended specialty medicines, e.g. for cancer
Most countries selecting WHO-recommended medicines for primary care and infectious diseases
More should select WHO-recommended specialty medicines, e.g. for cancer
X
Antibiotics
WHO target: ≥ 60%
of consumption of antibiotics worldwide from “Access” group of the AWaRe classification
WHO target: ≥ 60%
of consumption of antibiotics worldwide from “Access” group of the AWaRe classification
2019
21st WHO model list of essential medicines comprises
460 medicines
- 1 in 4 medicines listed in 1977 are still essential
- 90–95% of all essential medicines are available as generics or biosimilars
2018
1st WHO model list of essential in-vitro diagnostic comprises
113 diagnostics
2018
2017
20th WHO model list of essential medicines and 16th WHO model list of essential medicines for children include the
AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) classification of antibiotics,
after a comprehensive review, to support surveillance of antibiotic use and stewardship to promote adequate prescription practices
2015
Global Action Plan on antimicrobial resistance – to
strengthen health systems to ensure more appropriate use
of and access to antimicrobial agents
2015
19th WHO model list of essential medicines includes
first monoclonal antibodies
for treating cancer (e.g. trastuzumab, rituximab), after a comprehensive review of cancer medicines
2011
100 developing countries receiving continuous supply of essential medicines to treat HIV and hepatitis B, as a result of a first agreement between the Medicines Patent Pool and a pharmaceutical company
2010
Voluntary licensing and patent pooling
for low- and middle-income countries facilitated by newly established Medicines Patent Pool
Almost 100% of donor-funded antiretroviral market comprises generics, saving hundreds of millions of US dollars
2010
> 60 countries
procure large quantities of antiretroviral drugs at a lower cost by listing them as essential medicines and by enforcing the trade-related intellectual property rights (TRIPS) flexibility in the Doha Declaration
2007
1st WHO model list of essential medicines for children comprises 119 medicines in appropriate dosages and formulations
2003
WHO and UNAIDS launch the
“3 by 5” campaign
3 million people on antiretroviral treatment by 2005– as lack of HIV/AIDS treatment is declared a global health emergency
2002
12th WHO model list of essential medicines includes
several antiretroviral drugs under patent
2001
Right to health
recognized to include access to medicines in World Health Assembly resolution and the World Trade Organization Doha Declaration
Brazil, South Africa, Thailand and Zimbabwe led discussions on granting access to essential medicines for pandemics, such as HIV/AIDS, and recognizing that the right to health includes access to medicines
This legitimizes generic substitution, which provides momentum for countries to challenge excessive pricing by multinational pharmaceutical companies
1999
11th WHO model list of essential medicines comprises
306 Medicines
156 official national lists
of essential medicines
1996
Triple-drug therapy found to durably suppress viral replication of HIV to minimal levels, but
antiretroviral medicines available only sporadically |
in most countries
1981
WHO action programme established to increase availability of essential medicines at primary health care level by strengthening countries:
- national capabilities in their selection, procurement, distribution and proper use and
- local production and quality control.
Sets the basis for guidance on centralized procurement and conditions to encourage local production
Kenya, South Africa, Sudan and Viet Nam are early adopters of the WHO quality system – training prescribers and drafting an initial list of 40 medicines to encourage pooled purchasing
1978
one of eight key components of primary health care
World Health Assembly resolution endorses a model list of essential drugs
Alma-Ata conference identifies essential medicines as
one of eight key components of primary health care
1977
1st WHO model list of essential medicines comprises
208 medicines
for primary care and hospitals, rare and frequent diseases and conditions, high- and low-cost medicines
Protecting people from the health impacts of climate-related risks
Improve resilience of health systems to climate variability and change
X
Climate-resilient water safety
As an example, climate-resilient water safety improved for:
- 2.5 million people in Ethiopia using 50 water supply systems, 2020
-280 000 people in Nepal, 2020
-605 000 people in Bangladesh, 2020
-240 000 in urban areas of the United Republic of Tanzania, and 6200 people in rural areas, 2017
Simple, low-cost interventions, such as building retaining walls or ditches, prevent contamination of drinking-water during flooding; and planting indigenous trees protects the water table in Ethiopia, 2018.
.jpg?sfvrsn=6706eada_9)
As an example, climate-resilient water safety improved for:
- 2.5 million people in Ethiopia using 50 water supply systems, 2020
-280 000 people in Nepal, 2020
-605 000 people in Bangladesh, 2020
-240 000 in urban areas of the United Republic of Tanzania, and 6200 people in rural areas, 2017
Simple, low-cost interventions, such as building retaining walls or ditches, prevent contamination of drinking-water during flooding; and planting indigenous trees protects the water table in Ethiopia, 2018.
X
Health vulnerability and adaptation assessment
For example, the assessment in:
- Lao People’s Democratic Republic studied the links between climate change and water-related and vector-borne diseases; water, sanitation and hygiene; mental health; malnutrition; injury and disability; and sudden increases in health service use.
- Madagascar highlighted the health impacts of flooding, cyclones, drought, heatwaves and cold spells, 2015
Health national adaptation plans are informed by the assessments and include:
- Timor-Leste plan for health sector adaptation to climate change finalized in wide consultation with partners, 2019
- health national adaptation developed and endorsed in Nepal, 2018
- climate change action plan for public health officially endorsed by the Ministry of Health in Cambodia, 2020
For example, the assessment in:
- Lao People’s Democratic Republic studied the links between climate change and water-related and vector-borne diseases; water, sanitation and hygiene; mental health; malnutrition; injury and disability; and sudden increases in health service use.
- Madagascar highlighted the health impacts of flooding, cyclones, drought, heatwaves and cold spells, 2015
Health national adaptation plans are informed by the assessments and include:
- Timor-Leste plan for health sector adaptation to climate change finalized in wide consultation with partners, 2019
- health national adaptation developed and endorsed in Nepal, 2018
- climate change action plan for public health officially endorsed by the Ministry of Health in Cambodia, 2020
X
Health surveillance and early warning systems
Climate and weather information integrated into health surveillance and early warning systems to predict outbreaks, such as:
- cholera in Bangladesh and Malawi, 2020
- malaria in Mozambique, 2020
- dengue fever in Myanmar and Timor-Leste, 2020
Climate and weather information integrated into health surveillance and early warning systems to predict outbreaks, such as:
- cholera in Bangladesh and Malawi, 2020
- malaria in Mozambique, 2020
- dengue fever in Myanmar and Timor-Leste, 2020
X
Health care facilities
Action towards climate-resilient and environmentally sustainable health care facilities, for example:
- in 62 health care facilities in Lao People’s Democratic Republic, 2020
- assessments conducted in 25 health centres in Cambodia with focus on climate-resilient WASH, 2020
/feature-stories/cambodia-4.jpg?sfvrsn=19d9a2f1_7)
Action towards climate-resilient and environmentally sustainable health care facilities, for example:
- in 62 health care facilities in Lao People’s Democratic Republic, 2020
- assessments conducted in 25 health centres in Cambodia with focus on climate-resilient WASH, 2020
X
Small island developing states
Action to build climate-resilient health systems in small island developing states, includes:
18 country profiles on health and climate change completed to inform evidence-based decision-making when strengthen the resilience of health systems, 2021
US$ 33-65 m funding mobilized to small island developing states to strengthen the resilience of health systems, health-care facilities, schools and communities to climate change
Action to build climate-resilient health systems in small island developing states, includes:
18 country profiles on health and climate change completed to inform evidence-based decision-making when strengthen the resilience of health systems, 2021
US$ 33-65 m funding mobilized to small island developing states to strengthen the resilience of health systems, health-care facilities, schools and communities to climate change
2021
2021
Quality criteria for evaluating climate-informed early warning and response systems for infectious diseases developed
2020
WHO approved as a Green Climate Fund Readiness Delivery Partner
2020
more than
200
people
trained in accessing financing for the health sector
– resulting in 7 Caribbean countries and Argentina securing US$ 1.3 m funding
2020
more than
280
people
trained in climate-resilient, environmentally sustainable health-care facilities
WHO guidance provides a set of interventions to improve climate resilience while decreasing the environmental impact and carbon footprint of health care facilities
2020
12 countries trained in developing and implementing climate-informed health early warning systems
Support provided
to integrate information on climate and weather
into health surveillance and early warning systems to predict outbreaks of climate-sensitive diseases
2019
WHO technical series for
assessing current and future vulnerability to specific health risks
beginning with undernutrition
2019
Global plan of action on climate change and health in small island developing states
Global plan of action on climate change and health in small island developing states
2018
Guide and case studies for
developing climate services for health
with the World Meteorological Organization
2017
to climate variability and change published
WHO guidance for water safety
planning to improve the resilience of water supplies
to climate variability and change published
2017
in small island developing states launched at the
Special initiative on climate change and health
in small island developing states launched at the
23rd Conference of the Parties (COP23) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
2015
2014
WHO guidance published for
developing a health national adaptation plan
which is integrated into national climate change adaptation planning
2013
Eliminate industrially produced trans fats from the global food supply by 2023
58 countries have introduced laws that will protect 3.2 billion people by the end of 2021
However, most are high- and upper- to middle-income countries. More than 100 countries still need stronger action, including those where a high proportion of coronary heart disease is due to intake of trans fats
X
Austria
Best-practice policy takes effect (2009)
Best-practice policy takes effect (2009)
X
Canada
Best-practice policy takes effect (2018)
Best-practice policy takes effect (2018)
X
Chile
Best-practice policy takes effect (2011)
Best-practice policy takes effect (2011)
X
Denmark
First country to legislate a limit on trans fat content in all food products, 2g/100g of total fat; best-practice policy to take effect 1 year later (2003)
First country to legislate a limit on trans fat content in all food products, 2g/100g of total fat; best-practice policy to take effect 1 year later (2003)
X
European region
Best-practice policies take effect, limiting industrially produced trans fats to 2 g/100 g of total fat in all food products (2021)
Best-practice policies take effect, limiting industrially produced trans fats to 2 g/100 g of total fat in all food products (2021)
X
Hungary
Best-practice policy takes effect (2014)
Best-practice policy takes effect (2014)
X
Iceland
Best-practice policy takes effect (2011)
Best-practice policy takes effect (2011)
X
Latvia
Best-practice policy takes effect (2018)
Best-practice policy takes effect (2018)
X
Lithuania
Best-practice policy takes effect (2019)
Best-practice policy takes effect (2019)
X
The 12 largest multinational food companies
committed to eliminate industrially produced trans fats from all their products by 2023 (2019)
.png?sfvrsn=acb09e00_5)
committed to eliminate industrially produced trans fats from all their products by 2023 (2019)
X
Norway
Best-practice policy takes effect (2014)
Best-practice policy takes effect (2014)
X
Saudi Arabia
Best-practice policy takes effect; working with Health Canada and the private sector to develop approach to monitoring compliance (2020)
Best-practice policy takes effect; working with Health Canada and the private sector to develop approach to monitoring compliance (2020)
X
Slovenia
Best-practice policy takes effect (2018)
Best-practice policy takes effect (2018)
X
South Africa
Best-practice policy takes effect (2011)
Best-practice policy takes effect (2011)
X
Thailand
Best-practice policy takes effect (2019)
Best-practice policy takes effect (2019)
X
United States of America
Best-practice policy takes effect (2018)
Best-practice policy takes effect (2018)
2020
2020
Country certification of trans fat elimination first programme to
recognize elimination of a risk factor
for noncommunicable diseases
2020
Second global progress report launched by WHO Director-General to countdown in 2023
Second global progress report launched by WHO Director-General to countdown in 2023
2019
Supported Member States in strengthening capacity to develop, update and implement legislation
REPLACE action package provides a
strategic approach to eliminating
industrially produced trans fats from national food supplies
Supported Member States in strengthening capacity to develop, update and implement legislation
2019
First global progress report launched by WHO Director-General to countdown in 2023
2018
Dialogue with the food and non-alcoholic beverage industries at Chatham House
2018
Call to action to Member States to eliminate trans fats from the food supply by 2023
“Eliminating industrially-produced trans fat is one of the simplest and most effective ways to save lives and create a healthier food supply”
– Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus
2018
corresponding to 2.2 g/day of a 2000-calorie diet
Updated draft of WHO guideline on trans fats issued for public consultation, recommending that
less than 1%
of total energy intake be trans fats
corresponding to 2.2 g/day of a 2000-calorie diet
2018
REPLACE action framework to serve as a roadmap for country actions
2013
Legislating to ban use of trans fats in the food chain included as part of cost-effective interventions to
prevent and control noncommunicable diseases
(updated in 2017)
2007
as such, food services, restaurants, and food and cooking fat manufacturers should avoid their use"
“Trans fat produced by partial hydrogenation of fats and oils should be considered industrial food additives having
no demonstrable health benefits and clear risks to human health…
as such, food services, restaurants, and food and cooking fat manufacturers should avoid their use"
– WHO Scientific update on health consequences of trans fat
2002
less than 1%
of total energy intake be trans fats
– recommended by the Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation on Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases
Triggering action at local level through urban governance for health and well-being
Improved health status and well-being of 22 million people through participatory and multisectoral urban governance by 2028
“Health is created and lived by people within the settings of their everyday life; where they learn, work, play, and love.”
– Ottawa Charter
X
Bangladesh
“Healthy City Programme” in Khulna City to combat noncommunicable diseases, initiated by the Director-General of Health Services in coordination with Khulna City Cooperation and working with several development, civil society and academia partners.
“Healthy City Programme” in Khulna City to combat noncommunicable diseases, initiated by the Director-General of Health Services in coordination with Khulna City Cooperation and working with several development, civil society and academia partners.
X
Colombia
Bogotá will become “the Caring City” by promoting an inclusive, sustainable, conscious city for population well-being through a participatory approach. The approach to primary health care will be strengthened by intersectoral mechanisms and strategies, and fostering collaboration among academia, civil society, city sectors such as health, social innovation, planning and development.
Bogotá will become “the Caring City” by promoting an inclusive, sustainable, conscious city for population well-being through a participatory approach. The approach to primary health care will be strengthened by intersectoral mechanisms and strategies, and fostering collaboration among academia, civil society, city sectors such as health, social innovation, planning and development.
X
Cameroon
A project is being developed for Douala by the Mayor, council authorities and other stakeholders. An intersectoral meeting was covered by media networks.
A project is being developed for Douala by the Mayor, council authorities and other stakeholders. An intersectoral meeting was covered by media networks.
X
Libya
Tripoli city planners were supported in developing action plans for an effective community-based solid waste management system in 2 areas of the city.
Tripoli city planners were supported in developing action plans for an effective community-based solid waste management system in 2 areas of the city.
X
Mexico
As “A City of Rights”, Mexico City will achieve the right to health through a rights-based approach to health and to urban governance. Social participation will be promoted and strengthened through legal frameworks, such as the City’s new constitution and a law on civil society participation.
As “A City of Rights”, Mexico City will achieve the right to health through a rights-based approach to health and to urban governance. Social participation will be promoted and strengthened through legal frameworks, such as the City’s new constitution and a law on civil society participation.
X
Tunisia
Two neighbourhoods in Tunis will be targeted by building on an organic law ratified in 2018, which stipulates the prerequisites for local democracy and highlights existing mechanisms that facilitate open governance. The Mayor has a long-term view of policy-making shared by stakeholders in the municipality, relevant sectors, civil society and academia.
Two neighbourhoods in Tunis will be targeted by building on an organic law ratified in 2018, which stipulates the prerequisites for local democracy and highlights existing mechanisms that facilitate open governance. The Mayor has a long-term view of policy-making shared by stakeholders in the municipality, relevant sectors, civil society and academia.
2020
WHO creates a
network of 5 committed mayors of cities
with shared interest in access to health-care services, informal and peri-urban settlements and social cohesion and engagement
2020
Healthy cities corporate approach highlights urban governance for
health and well-being as an essential domain for healthy cities
2016
> 100 mayors committed
to advancing health and sustainable urban development by integrating 10 action areas into implementation of the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda
– Shanghai Consensus on Healthy Cities as proposed by WHO
2005
Communities and civil society participation at the centre of health promotion | Urbanizationas a key influence on health |
– key commitments of the Bangkok Charter for Health Promotion in a Globalized World
2000
Active participation of all sectors and civil society
in implementation of health-promoting actions
– key action in Mexico Ministerial Statements for the Promotion of Health: From Ideas to Action
1997
Increased community participation and individual empowerment
are key priorities for health promotion
– Jakarta Declaration on Leading Health Promotion into the 21st Century
1988
WHO European Healthy Cities Network started and Helsinki, Finland, promoted health in all policies
Title goes here
Subtitle goes here, with any format
X
Custom image with design and text
X
Transparent background with text
Text goes here
Text goes here
X
Circle with text only
Title here
Main text here.Main text here.Main text here.Main text here.
Title here
Main text here.Main text here.Main text here.Main text here.
X
Country flag
Text inside box goes here.Text inside box goes here.Text inside box goes here.
Text inside box goes here.Text inside box goes here.Text inside box goes here.
X
Square with text and image
Main text goes here
Other formatted text, centered
Main text goes here
Other formatted text, centered
X
Clickable bubble with custom image
Subtitle goes here
Main text goes here
Main text goes here
