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Capital. A Critique of Political Economy. Volume I: The Process of Production of Capital (German: Das Kapital. Kritik der politischen Ökonomie Erster Band. Buch I: Der Produktionsprocess des Kapitals) is the first of three treatises that make up Das Kapital, a critique of political economy by the German philosopher and economist Karl Marx. First published on 14 September 1867, Volume I was the product of a decade of research and redrafting, and is the only part of Das Kapital to be completed during Marx's life. It focuses on the aspect of capitalism that Marx refers to as the capitalist mode of production, or the way in which capitalism organizes society to produce goods and services.

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  • رأس المال: المجلد الأول عملية إنتاج رأس المال (بالألمانية: Das Kapital. Erster Band. Buch I: Der Produktionsprozess des Kapitals) هو أطروحة مكتوبة في الاقتصاد السياسي الكلاسيكي نُشرت لأول مرة في 14 سبتمبر 1867 من قبل الاقتصادي والمنظر السياسي الألماني كارل ماركس؛ وهو نتاج لعقد كامل من البحث والدراسة. يُطبق الكتاب التحليل الطبقي على الرأسمالية مع التركيز على عمليات الإنتاج ما يجعل نمط الإنتاج الرأسمالي محدد تاريخياً. تعد مصادر وأشكال فائض القيمة في سياق شرح ديناميكيات تراكم رأس المال المُميز للتنمية الاقتصادية على المدى الطويل موضوعات رئيسية دُرست بشكل تحليلي مُفصل في جميع أجزاء الكتاب، نشر ماركس استراتيجيات منطقية وتاريخية وأدبية وغيرها من النصوص التوضيحية لتسهيل إيصال حجة الكتاب المعقدة. طُوّرت هذه الموضوعات على أساس نظرية العمل المجردة للقيمة التي قدمها ماركس بأشكالٍ مختلفة عبر أربع طبعات، ثلاث منها بالألمانية وواحدة بالفرنسية. جادل الباحثون حول إمكانية التعامل مع الطبعة الألمانية الثالثة كمصدر للترجمات الإنجليزية الرئيسية في حين كانت النسخة الفرنسية هي أخر مانشره ماركس، إلا أن الباحثون أثاروا جدلاً حول اعتمادها وفضلوا الطبعة الألمانية الأخيرة لكي تكون مصدراً أولياً لأفكارِ ماركس. (ar)
  • Capital. A Critique of Political Economy. Volume I: The Process of Production of Capital (German: Das Kapital. Kritik der politischen Ökonomie Erster Band. Buch I: Der Produktionsprocess des Kapitals) is the first of three treatises that make up Das Kapital, a critique of political economy by the German philosopher and economist Karl Marx. First published on 14 September 1867, Volume I was the product of a decade of research and redrafting, and is the only part of Das Kapital to be completed during Marx's life. It focuses on the aspect of capitalism that Marx refers to as the capitalist mode of production, or the way in which capitalism organizes society to produce goods and services. The first two parts of the work deal with the fundamentals of classical economics, including the nature of value, money, and commodities. In these sections, Marx defends and expands upon the labor theory of value as advanced by Adam Smith and David Ricardo. Starting with the next three parts, the focus of Volume I shifts to surplus value (the value of a finished commodity minus the cost of production), which he divides into absolute and relative forms. Marx argues that the relations of production specific to capitalism allow capital owners to accumulate more relative surplus value by material improvements to the means of production, thus driving the industrial revolution. But for Marx, not only does the extraction of surplus value motivate economic growth, it is also the source of class conflict between workers and the owners of capital. Parts Four, Five, and Six discuss how workers struggle with capital owners over control of the surplus value they produce, punctuated with examples of the horrors of wage slavery. Moreover, Marx argues that the drive to accumulate more capital creates contradictions within capitalism such as technological unemployment, various inefficiencies, and crises of overproduction. The penultimate part explains how capitalist systems sustain (or "reproduce") themselves once they have become established. Throughout the work, Marx places capitalism in a historically specific context, considering it not as an abstract ideal, but rather as the result of concrete historical developments. This is the special focus on the final part, which argues that capitalism was begun by the violent expropriation of property by the future capitalist class, a process Marx names "primitive accumulation." In Volume I of Kapital, Marx makes use of a variety of logical, historical, literary, and other strategies to illustrate his points. His primary analytical tool is historical materialism, which applies the Hegelian method of immanent critique to the material basis of societies. As such, Volume I includes copious amounts of historical data and concrete examples from the industrial societies of the mid-nineteenth century, especially the United Kingdom. Within Marx's lifetime, he completed three editions of Volume I: the first two in German, the last in French. A third German edition, which was still in progress at the time of his death, was finished and published by Friedrich Engels in 1883. It is disputed among scholars whether the French or third German edition should be considered authoritative, as Marx presented his theories slightly differently in each one. (en)
  • 《자본론 제1권: 자본의 생산방식》(독일어: Das Kapital. Buch I: Der Produktionsprocess des Kapitals)은 카를 마르크스가 자본주의를 정치경제학적으로 비판한 비평서이다. 여기서 마르크스는 자본주의 의 경제법칙을 밝히고자 했으며, 그 자본주의 생산방식이 사회주의 생산방식의 전구물임과 자본주의의 에 뿌리박고 있는 계급투쟁을 논하였다. 《자본론 제1권》은 1867년 9월 14일 출간되었으며, 마르크스 생전 출간된 자본론은 제1권이 유일하다. 2013년 유네스코는 《자본론 제1권》과 《공산당 선언》의 원고를 세계기록유산에 등재했다. (ko)
  • O Capital. Crítica de Economia Política. Livro I: O Processo de Produção do Capital (no original em alemão: Das Kapital. Kritik der politischen Oekonomie. Erster Band. Buch I: Der Produktionsprozess des Kapitals) é o primeiro livro do tratado de crítica à Economia Política clássica O Capital, publicado pela primeira vez em 14 de setembro de 1867 pelo revolucionário comunista e teórico político Karl Marx. É o único livro da série publicado no tempo de vida de Marx. Produto de uma década de intensa pesquisa e formulação urdida sobretudo a partir dos Grundrisse, o livro aplica a análise de classe do capitalismo com enfoque na forma da mercadoria e no processo de produção, expondo o modo de produção capitalista historicamente específico. Os temas-chaves são as fontes e as formas da mais-valia (segundo a tradição tradutória brasileira, ou mais-valor) no contexto da dinâmica da acumulação de capital (com um capítulo histórico acerca da acumulação primitiva, base do capitalismo moderno) que caracteriza o desenvolvimento econômico durante longo período. Tais categorias são consideradas na teoria do trabalho abstrato e trabalho concreto. Marx, utilizando ampla gama de referenciais lógicos, econômicos, históricos e até mesmo literários para a complexa argumentação metateórica da obra, parte fundamentalmente do valor de uso e valor de troca observados por Aristóteles (em sua Política e na Ética a Nicômaco), que já criticava o dinheiro que é usado para gerar mais dinheiro e acúmulo, ao invés de fazer com que não haja carência de um lado nem excesso do outro, desequilibrando a ponta da sociedade; da explicação por Adam Smith (em A Riqueza das Nações) do valor de troca pelo trabalho empregado na produção da mercadoria e não por sua mera utilidade; e a teoria do valor-trabalho e da distribuição em David Ricardo, sem contar referências que incluem até William Shakespeare (sobretudo um trecho de sua peça Tímon de Atenas sobre o poder do dinheiro). No posfácio da segunda edição (de 24 de janeiro de 1873) desse primeiro livro de O Capital, Marx também explica que seu método científico e dialético é oposto ao do seminal filósofo alemão Hegel: "Meu método dialético, por seu fundamento, difere do método hegeliano, sendo a ele inteiramente oposto. Para Hegel, o processo do pensamento, — que ele transforma em sujeito autônomo sob o nome de ideia, — é o criador do real, e o real é apenas sua manifestação externa. Para mim, ao contrário, o ideal não é mais do que o material transposto para a cabeça do ser humano e por ela interpretado.[...]"Em Hegel, a dialética está de cabeça para baixo. É necessário pô-la de cabeça para cima, a fim de descobrir a substância racional dentro do invólucro místico. [...]" (pt)
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  • Cover (en)
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  • Capital, Volume I (en)
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  • German (en)
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  • Capital. Volume I: The Process of Production of Capital (en)
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  • Capital Vol 1 (en)
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  • (en)
  • Ben Fowkes (en)
  • Samuel Moore, Edward Aveling, and Ernest Untermann (en)
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  • Das Kapital (en)
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  • 《자본론 제1권: 자본의 생산방식》(독일어: Das Kapital. Buch I: Der Produktionsprocess des Kapitals)은 카를 마르크스가 자본주의를 정치경제학적으로 비판한 비평서이다. 여기서 마르크스는 자본주의 의 경제법칙을 밝히고자 했으며, 그 자본주의 생산방식이 사회주의 생산방식의 전구물임과 자본주의의 에 뿌리박고 있는 계급투쟁을 논하였다. 《자본론 제1권》은 1867년 9월 14일 출간되었으며, 마르크스 생전 출간된 자본론은 제1권이 유일하다. 2013년 유네스코는 《자본론 제1권》과 《공산당 선언》의 원고를 세계기록유산에 등재했다. (ko)
  • رأس المال: المجلد الأول عملية إنتاج رأس المال (بالألمانية: Das Kapital. Erster Band. Buch I: Der Produktionsprozess des Kapitals) هو أطروحة مكتوبة في الاقتصاد السياسي الكلاسيكي نُشرت لأول مرة في 14 سبتمبر 1867 من قبل الاقتصادي والمنظر السياسي الألماني كارل ماركس؛ وهو نتاج لعقد كامل من البحث والدراسة. يُطبق الكتاب التحليل الطبقي على الرأسمالية مع التركيز على عمليات الإنتاج ما يجعل نمط الإنتاج الرأسمالي محدد تاريخياً. تعد مصادر وأشكال فائض القيمة في سياق شرح ديناميكيات تراكم رأس المال المُميز للتنمية الاقتصادية على المدى الطويل موضوعات رئيسية دُرست بشكل تحليلي مُفصل في جميع أجزاء الكتاب، نشر ماركس استراتيجيات منطقية وتاريخية وأدبية وغيرها من النصوص التوضيحية لتسهيل إيصال حجة الكتاب المعقدة. (ar)
  • Capital. A Critique of Political Economy. Volume I: The Process of Production of Capital (German: Das Kapital. Kritik der politischen Ökonomie Erster Band. Buch I: Der Produktionsprocess des Kapitals) is the first of three treatises that make up Das Kapital, a critique of political economy by the German philosopher and economist Karl Marx. First published on 14 September 1867, Volume I was the product of a decade of research and redrafting, and is the only part of Das Kapital to be completed during Marx's life. It focuses on the aspect of capitalism that Marx refers to as the capitalist mode of production, or the way in which capitalism organizes society to produce goods and services. (en)
  • O Capital. Crítica de Economia Política. Livro I: O Processo de Produção do Capital (no original em alemão: Das Kapital. Kritik der politischen Oekonomie. Erster Band. Buch I: Der Produktionsprozess des Kapitals) é o primeiro livro do tratado de crítica à Economia Política clássica O Capital, publicado pela primeira vez em 14 de setembro de 1867 pelo revolucionário comunista e teórico político Karl Marx. É o único livro da série publicado no tempo de vida de Marx. Produto de uma década de intensa pesquisa e formulação urdida sobretudo a partir dos Grundrisse, o livro aplica a análise de classe do capitalismo com enfoque na forma da mercadoria e no processo de produção, expondo o modo de produção capitalista historicamente específico. Os temas-chaves são as fontes e as formas da mais-valia (pt)
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  • رأس المال: المجلد الأول (ar)
  • Das Kapital, Volume I (en)
  • 자본론 제1권 (ko)
  • O Capital, Livro I (pt)
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