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1995 Russian legislative election

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1995 Russian legislative election

← 1993 17 December 1995 1999 →

All 450 seats in the State Duma
226 seats needed for a majority
Turnout64.38% (Increase 9.57 pp)
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Gennady Zyuganov Viktor Chernomyrdin Vladimir Zhirinovsky
Party CPRF NDR LDPR
Leader since 14 February 1993 12 May 1995 13 December 1989
Leader's seat Federal list Federal list Federal list
Last election 42 seats, 11.55% New 64 seats, 21.35%
Seats won 157 55 51
Seat change Increase 115 New Decrease 13
Popular vote 15,432,963 7,009,291 7,737,431
Percentage 22.30% (PL) 10.13% (PL) 11.18% (PL)
Swing Increase 10.75% New Decrease 10.17%

  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Leader Grigory Yavlinsky Mikhail Lapshin Yegor Gaidar
Party Yabloko APR DVR–OD
Leader since 16 October 1993 26 February 1993 26 August 1995
Leader's seat Federal list Federal list (lost) Federal list (lost)
Last election 27 seats, 7.32% 38 seats, 7.44% 62 seats, 14.45%
Seats won 45 20 9
Seat change Increase 18 Decrease 17 Decrease 53
Popular vote 4,767,384 2,613,127 2,674,084
Percentage 6.89% (PL) 3.78% (PL) 3.86% (PL)
Swing Decrease 0.43% Decrease 3.66% Decrease 10.59%

  Seventh party Eighth party Ninth party
 
Alevtina Fedulova (duma.gov.ru).jpg
Leader Nikolai Ryzhkov Yury Skokov Alevtina Fedulova
Party Power to the People KRO Women of Russia
Leader since 19 August 1995 27 January 1995 1 October 1993
Leader's seat Belgorod Federal list (lost) Federal list (lost)
Last election New New 24 seats, 7.57%
Seats won 9 5 3
Seat change New New Decrease 21
Popular vote 1,112,873 2,980,137 3,188,813
Percentage 1.62% (PL) 4.31% (PL) 4.61% (PL)
Swing New New Decrease 2.96%

Winning party by region

Chairman of the State Duma before election

Ivan Rybkin
Ivan Rybkin Bloc

Elected Chairman of the State Duma

Gennadiy Seleznyov
CPRF

Legislative election were held in Russia on 17 December 1995.[1] At stake were the 450 seats in the State Duma (Gosudarstvennaya Duma), the lower house of the Federal Assembly.

Electoral system

[edit]

The election law adopted for the 1995 election was similar to that adopted for the 1993 election, with some minor modifications. First, to secure a place on the proportional representation ballot, parties had to have registered with the Ministry of Justice no later than six months before the election, and the number of signatures they had to gather rose from 100,000 to 200,000. Second, invalid votes were now included in the calculation of the 5.0 percent threshold. Third, on the single-member district ballot, party endorsements of candidates were indicated.

Political blocs

[edit]
Bloc Abbr. First troika Political position Ideologies Notes
1 Women of Russia ZhR Alevtina FedulovaEkaterina LakhovaGalina Klimantova Centre Women's rights / Pacifism [2]
2 Social Patriotic Movement «Derzhava» Derzhava Alexander RutskoyViktor KobelevKonstantin Dushenov Right-wing Russian nationalism / Social conservatism
3 Social Political Movement «Duma-96» Duma-96 Vladimir BureninMikhail SimonovGeorgy Kondratyev Centre Centrism / Conservatism
4 Transformation of the Fatherland PO Eduard RosselYury NozhikovViktor Yakimov Centre Regionalism / Autonomism
5 Tikhonov–Tupolev–Tikhonov TTT Alexander TikhonovAleksey TupolevViktor Tikhonov Centre Centrism
6 Russian All-People's Movement ROD Alexander Bozhenov • Valery Moshnyakov • Vladimir Platonov Centre Cossacks interests
7 All-Russian Muslim Social Movement "NUR" NUR Halit Yakhin • Vafa Yarullin • Anver Shagidullin Centre Muslim interests / Islamic democracy
8 Federal Democratic Movement FDD Oleg Novikov • Oleg KaluginRimma Kazakova Centre Federalism
9 Cause of Peter the First DPP Valentin Dikul • Vadim Voevodin • Yan Koltunov Right-wing National conservatism / Monarchism
10 International Union MNS Abdulah MikitaevMakhmut Gareev • Alexander Zaytsev Centre Multiculturalism
11 Socio-Political Movement "Stable Russia" SR Oleg Petrov • Elina Bystritskaya • Alexander Gorlov Centre-right Conservatism
12 Frontier Generations PR Dmitry Solonnikov • Nikolay Pelepeshin • Marat Bariev Centre Youth politics
13 My Fatherland MO Boris GromovStanislav ShatalinJoseph Kobzon Centre-left Social democracy
14 For the Motherland! ZR Vladimir PolevanovYevgeny PodkolzinEduard Baltin Right-wing Conservatism / Anti-Reformism
15 Common Cause OD Irina KhakamadaRolan BykovVladimir Dzhanibekov Centre-right Liberalism
16 Bloc of Independents BN Yevgeny Fyodorov • Ilya Roitman • Vladimir Komchatov Centre-right Conservatism
17 Our Home – Russia NDR Viktor ChernomyrdinNikita MikhalkovLev Rokhlin Centre-right Liberal conservatism / Fiscal conservatism
18 Pamfilova–Gurov–Lysenko PGL Ella PamfilovaAlexander GurovVladimir Lysenko Centre-right Classical liberalism / Atlanticism
19 Social Association «Yabloko» Yabloko Grigory YavlinskyVladimir LukinTatiana Yarygina Centre-left Social democracy / Social liberalism
20 Forward, Russia! VR Boris FyodorovBela DenisenkoAlexander Vladislavlev Centre-right Liberal democracy / Liberal conservatism
21 89 Regions of Russia 89 Pavel Medvedev (only elected deputy) Centre Regionalism
22 Ecological Party of Russia "KEDR" KEDR Anatoly PanfilovLeonid YakubovichArtyom Tarasov Centre Green politics / Agrarianism
23 Democratic Choice of Russia – United Democrats DVR-OD Yegor GaidarSergei KovalevLidiya Fedoseyeva-Shukshina Centre-right Liberal conservatism / Anti-communism
24 Party of Russian Unity and Accord PRES Sergey ShakhrayValery Bykov • Vladimir Ivankov Centre-right Moderate liberalism / Conservatism / Regionalism
25 Communist Party of the Russian Federation CPRF Gennady ZyuganovSvetlana GoryachevaAman Tuleyev Left-wing to far-left Communism / Marxism–Leninism / Left-wing nationalism
26 Stanislav Govorukhin Bloc BSG Stanislav GovorukhinOleg RumyantsevViktor Aksyuchits Right-wing Statism / Conservatism
27 Association of Lawyers of Russia AAR Alexey MalayevGasan MirzoyevAnatoly Fedoseev Centre Rule of law
28 National Republican Party of Russia NRPR Nikolay LysenkoNikolay Pavlov • Konstantin Ovchinnikov Far-right Solzhenitsynism / Russian ultranationalism
29 Social Democrats SD Gavriil PopovVasily LipitskyOleg Bogomolov Centre-left Social democracy
30 Power to the People! VN Nikolai RyzhkovSergey Baburin • Elena Shuvalova Right-wing Patriotism / Social conservatism / Pochvennichestvo
31 Congress of Russian Communities KRO Yury SkokovAlexander LebedSergey Glazyev Right-wing to far-right Russian nationalism / National conservatism
32 Trade Unions and Industrialists – Union of Labour ST Vladimir ScherbakovMikhail ShmakovArkady Volsky Centre-left Labourism / Industrialism
33 Liberal Democratic Party of Russia LDPR Vladimir ZhirinovskySergey AbeltsevAlexander Vengerovsky Right-wing to far-right Right-wing populism / Pan-Slavism
34 Bloc of Djuna Djuna Eugenia DavitashviliAndrey VolkovAleksandr Pankratov-Chyorny Centre Populism
35 Party of Workers' Self-Government PST Svyatoslav FyodorovAlexey KazannikAleksandr Porokhovshchikov Centre-left Social democracy
36 Communists – Labour Russia – For the Soviet Union KTR Viktor TyulkinAnatoly KryuchkovViktor Anpilov Far-left Communism / Marxism–Leninism / Anti-revisionism
37 Beer Lovers Party PLP Konstantin Kalachyov • Dmitry Shestakov • Andrey Palchevsky Big tent Joke party / Protectionism / Anti-establishment
38 Ivan Rybkin Bloc BIR Ivan RybkinYury PetrovArtur Chilingarov Centre-left Agrarianism / Social democracy
39 Party of Economic Freedom PES Konstantin BorovoiLeonid NekrasovVladimir Kovalyonok Centre-right Liberalism / Neoconservatism / Economic liberalism
40 People's Union NS Vladimir Lukyanov • Dmitry Galagan • Gennady Mironov Big tent Interests of defrauded depositors
41 Agrarian Party of Russia APR Mikhail LapshinAleksandr NazarchukVasily Starodubtsev Left-wing Agrarian socialism / Collectivism
42 Christian Democratic Union – Christians of Russia HDS Vitaly SavitskyTatiana Ivanova • Alexander Kisilyov Centre-right Christian democracy
43 Union of Workers of Housing and Communal Services SRZhKKh Leonid Chernyshov • Pyotr Suvorov • Valery Avdeyev Big tent ZhKKh workers' interests

Campaign

[edit]

Out of the forty three parties and coalitions contesting the elections, only four cleared the 5% threshold to qualify for the proportional seats.

Pro-Government parties

[edit]

Our Home – Russia had weightier resources and soon acquired the nickname of "party of power" for its reliance on elite political and economic office holders. It was also referred to as "Our Home Is Gazprom" for its close ties to Gazprom's substantial financial resources. Most of the cabinet ministers joined the bloc, and a number of business leaders and regional political elites affiliated with it. However, almost no other parties entered it, and many SMD candidates who had initially affiliated with the party soon left it. One of the early parties to enter the bloc, Sergei Shakhrai's Party of Russian Unity and Accord, also deserted it in August.[3] The party program called for "stability and development, democracy and patriotism, confidence and order" as well as "pragmatism" and "a civilized market". Other proposals were contradictory as the party proposed, among other things, to encourage foreign investment while protecting Russian manufacturers, and to promote agricultural reform while regulating land ownership.

In the election, the Our Home Is Russia bloc took 10.1% of the vote, enough to form a faction in the State Duma but not enough to serve as a dominant or pivotal force in parliament or in the regions. At its peak, the party claimed the membership of around one third of Russia's governors. However, both the center and regional elites made only ephemeral commitments to Our Home is Russia.[4][5]

Opposition parties

[edit]

As a result of these elections, the Communists and their satellites, the Agrarians and other left-wing deputies, controlled a little less than the half of the seats. The populist LDPR occasionally sided with the left majority, but often supported the government. As in the previous Duma, the parliamentary groups of independent deputies had a significant influence on the balance of power in the parliament.

On January 17, 1996 a Communist, Gennady Seleznyov, was elected the Speaker of the Duma.

Results

[edit]
PartyParty-listConstituencyTotal
seats
+/–
Votes%SeatsVotes%Seats
Communist Party15,432,96322.73998,636,39212.7858157+115
Liberal Democratic Party7,737,43111.40503,801,9715.63151–11
Our Home – Russia7,009,29110.33453,808,7455.641055New
Yabloko4,767,3847.02312,209,9453.271445+18
Women of Russia3,188,8134.700712,0721.0533–21
Communists and Working Russia for the Soviet Union3,137,4064.6201,276,6551.8911New
Congress of Russian Communities2,980,1374.3901,987,6652.9455New
Party of Workers' Self-Government2,756,9544.060475,0070.7011New
Democratic Choice of Russia – United Democrats2,674,0843.9401,819,3302.6999–53
Agrarian Party of Russia2,613,1273.8504,066,2146.022020–18
Derzhava1,781,2332.620420,8600.6200New
Forward, Russia!1,343,4281.9801,054,5771.5633New
Power to the People1,112,8731.6401,345,9051.9999New
Pamfilova–Gurov–Lysenko1,106,8121.630476,7210.7122New
Trade Unions and Industrialists – Union of Labour1,076,0721.590584,0630.8611New
Environmental Party of Russia "Kedr"962,1951.420304,8960.45000
Ivan Rybkin Bloc769,2591.1301,073,5801.5933New
Stanislav Govorukhin Bloc688,4961.010483,2810.7211New
My Fatherland496,2760.730351,9110.5211New
Common Cause472,6150.700148,5840.2211New
Beer Lovers Party428,7270.63057,9460.0900New
All Russian Muslim Public Movement "Nur"393,5130.58049,6890.0700New
Transformation of the Fatherland339,6540.500227,8220.3411New
National Republican Party331,7000.4900New
Block of Djuna323,2320.4800New
Party of Russian Unity and Accord245,9770.360285,6540.4211–22
Russian Lawyers' Association242,9660.36096,0460.1400New
For the Motherland!194,2540.290213,7230.3200New
Christian-Democratic Union – Christians of Russia191,4460.280102,3350.1500New
38 Words Electoral Bloc145,7040.2100New
People's Union130,7280.19070,6850.1000New
Tikhonov–TupolevTikhonov Bloc102,0390.15065,4580.1000New
Russian Union of Workers of ZhKKh97,2740.140115,3860.1700New
Social Democrats88,6420.130233,2690.3500New
Party of Economic Freedom88,4160.130199,1500.2911New
Russian All-People's Movement86,4220.130224,7790.3300New
Bloc of Independents83,7420.120375,2870.5611New
Federal Democratic Movement82,9480.12086,5190.1300New
Sociopolitical Movement "Stable Russia"81,2850.120159,2260.2400New
Duma-9655,8970.080108,6720.1600New
Frontier Generation44,2020.07013,4290.0200New
Bloc '8940,8400.060175,4590.2611New
Interethnic Union39,5920.060169,7460.2500New
All-Russian Sociopolitical Movement of Transport Workers162,2630.2400New
Democratic Russia and Free Trade-Unions158,0400.2300New
Sociopolitical Movement "Education is Russia's Future"129,3990.1900New
Union of Patriots118,4410.1800New
Union of Russian Moslems65,6880.1000New
Party "Union of Communists"62,1810.0900New
Party of Supporters of Tax Reduction61,5190.0900New
Party "Democratic Alternative"61,2520.0900New
Conservative Party57,3510.0800New
Case of Peter the First51,9280.0800New
Russian Party43,2210.0600New
Union of Patriotic Orthodox Organisations42,2690.0600New
Party "Economic Alternative"37,6220.0600New
We are Serving for Russia!35,5350.0500New
League of Independent Scientists28,6660.0400New
National-Republican Party of Russia27,1970.0400New
Social Alliance "Revival"27,0320.0400New
Russian Union of Local Self-Government21,4270.0300New
Our Future18,4880.0300New
Faith, Labour, Conscience14,6390.0200New
Russian Party of Car Owners8,0880.0100New
People's Salvation Front1,8810.0000New
Workers' Collectives and Greens for the Union of Co-Owners1,4420.0000New
European Liberal Democratic Party1540.0000New
Independents21,620,83531.997777–58
Against all1,918,1512.836,660,4959.85
Total67,884,200100.0022567,585,707100.002254500
Valid votes67,884,20098.0967,585,70797.71
Invalid/blank votes1,320,6191.911,582,2272.29
Total votes69,204,819100.0069,167,934100.00
Registered voters/turnout107,496,85664.38107,496,85664.34
Source: University of Essex, Nohlen & Stöver

Parliamentary groups

[edit]
Parliamentary group Leader Seats (Jan.'96)[1]
Communist Party of the Russian Federation Gennady Zyuganov 139
Our Home - Russia Sergei Belyaev 65
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Vladimir Zhirinovsky 49
Yabloko Grigory Yavlinsky 45
"Regions of Russia (Independent Deputies)" Oleg Morozov 44
People's Power Nikolai Ryzhkov 41
Agrarian Group Nikolay Kharitonov 35
Democratic Choice of Russia (unregistered) Sergey Yushenkov 6
Independents 19
Total 450

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1642 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
  2. ^ Данные протоколов территориальных избирательных комиссий об итогах голосования по федеральному округу
  3. ^ Belin&Orttung 1997, pp. 34–36
  4. ^ Hale, 2006, pp. 208–209
  5. ^ McFaul, 2001, p. 205