Imperial boomerang

The imperial boomerang or terrific boomerang (per Aimé Césaire)^[1][2], is the thesis that governments that develop repressive techniques to control colonial territories will eventually deploy those same techniques domestically against their own citizens. This concept is sometimes referred to as Foucault's boomerang — although he did not originate the term.

The concept was advanced by Aimé Césaire in Discourse on Colonialism (1950), and Hannah Arendt in The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951), in both cases to explain the origins of European fascism in the first half of the 20th century. ^[3][4][5] According to both writers, the methods of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party were not exceptional from a world-wide view because European colonial powers had been killing millions of people worldwide as part of the process of colonization for a very long time. Rather, they were exceptional in that they were applied to Europeans within Europe, rather than to colonized populations in the global south.^[6]

In 1950, Césaire coined and described the term through his analysis of the development of violent, fascist, and brutalising tendencies within Europe as connected to the practice of European colonialism.^[7] Césaire wrote in Discourse on Colonialism:

And then one fine day the bourgeoisie is awakened by a terrific boomerang effect: the gestapos are busy, the prisons flll up, the torturers standing around the racks invent, refine, discuss. People are surprised, they become indignant. They say: "How strange! But never mind-it's Nazism, it will pass!" And they wait, and they hope; and they hide the truth from themselves, that it is barbarism, the supreme barbarism, the crowning barbarism that sums up all the daily barbarisms; that it is Nazism, yes, but that before they were its victims, they were its accomplices; that they tolerated that Nazism before it was inflicted on them, that they absolved it, shut their eyes to it, legitimized it, because, until then, it had been applied only to non-European peoples; that they have cultivated that Nazism, that they are responsible for it, and that before engulfing the whole edifice of Western, Christian civilization in its reddened waters, it oozes, seeps, and trickles from every crack.

— Aimé Césaire, Discourse on Colonialism (1950)

In the English translation this is rendered as a "terrific boomerang"^[8], in the original French, however, Césaire did not use the term 'boomerang' and instead wrote "un formidable choc en retour" — which can be literally translated as "a tremendous shock in return".^[9]

In her book, The Origins of Totalitarianism, Arendt considers the Soviet and the Nazi regimes alongside European colonies in Africa and Asia, as their later and gruesome transformation. She analyzes Russian pan-Slavism as a stage in the development of racism and totalitarianism. Her analysis was continued by Alexander Etkind in the book Internal colonization: Russia's imperial experience.^[10]

In his 1976 lecture Society Must Be Defended, Michel Foucault repeated these ideas.^[11] According to him:

[W]hile colonization, with its techniques and its political and juridical weapons, obviously transported European models to other continents, it also had a considerable boomerang effect on the mechanisms of power in the West, and on the apparatuses, institutions, and techniques of power. A whole series of colonial models was brought back to the West, and the result was that the West could practice something resembling colonization, or an internal colonialism, on itself

The imperial boomerang has been invoked to explain the ongoing militarization of police and their domestic deployment in response to political protest in urban centers.^[12][13] Such deployment has also proliferated worldwide,^[14][15] considering that the globalization of militarized policing continues to be a crucial aspect of contemporary foreign policy of Western colonial powers such as the United States, whose early experiments with developing comprehensive coercive state apparatuses and counterinsurgency techniques began during the American colonization of the Philippines.^[6][16][17]

• Imperialism
• Postcolonialism

• Go, Julian (2023). Policing Empires: Militarization, Race, and the Imperial Boomerang in Britain and the US. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-762165-3.

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