Al-Rawda (tell)

Al-Rawda was discovered in 1996 during an archaeological survey of the region east of Hama. Following this survey, a more intensive survey project was initiated focusing on a microregion of 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi) centred on Al-Rawda. Excavations at the site itself started in 2002 and are carried out by a French–Syrian mission. The excavations have focused on the circular walls, the northern gate of the town, the temple and the nearby necropolis. In addition to the excavations, a magnetometric prospection, a method that allows the detection of walls in the ground without excavating them, was carried out in the area within the city walls in 2003. Work continued at least through 2010.^[1][2][3][4] The Al-Rawda project is sponsored by the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) and the Syrian Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums and co-directed by Corinne Castel and Nazir Awad.^[5][6]

Al-Rawda is located 80 kilometres (50 mi) east of Hama. Both now and in the past, the area received less than 200 millimetres (7.9 in) of rainfall per year, which means that reliable agriculture without irrigation is impossible. The survey of the microregion around Al-Rawda revealed that the site is located in a fayda, a depression that collects runoff water from a wide region, and next to a wadi. Al-Rawda was surrounded by hydrological installations intended to harness runoff water for irrigation. The site itself is an almost circular tell with a maximum height of 2 metres (6.6 ft). The area inside the circular city walls measures 11 hectares (27 acres), totalling to 15–16 hectares (37–40 acres) if the city walls are included, with an additional outer town of 4 hectares (9.9 acres). The southwestern part of the site is occupied by modern houses.^[5][6][7][8]

The site was occupied for a relatively short period during the late third and early second millennium BC, roughly coinciding with the Early Bronze IV period. It was founded between 2560 and 2430 BC and finally abandoned in circa 2000 BC.^[1][7] The magnetometric survey revealed a circular street pattern with streets radiating away from the centre of the site. Both the temple and the circular street pattern find parallels in Tell Chuera, located in a similar environment to the northeast of Al-Rawda.^[5] At least three temples were identified, of which one has been excavated. The largest temple excavated had an entrance with a columned front porch, a square cella and faces a 50 metres (160 ft) long sacred enclosure to the outside.^[6] Offerings that were found in this temple include alabaster from Egypt, lapis lazuli from Afghanistan and agate from India.^[7] The city was defended by a double rampart built of mudbricks on a stone foundation and two ditches. The town was accessible through five gates.^[7]

The urban site indicates that it was a part of several trade networks of different scales. Al-Rawda probably served as a stopping place for caravans that crossed the plateau between the Euphrates valley and the region of Qatna. The site also served as a religious center for the region, with a large sanctuary that was likely dedicated to the city's patron god,^[9] and it played a major part in the development of extensive pastoralism and wool production at the end of the third millennium BC.^[7]

The necropolis is situated close to the site but outside the agricultural zone. Among the 97 tombs found, 54 were shaft tombs –intended for multiple burials and cut into the limestone crust of the plateau, 25 were simple cist tombs and 17 were circle tombs.^[6]

• Cities of the ancient Near East

• Bakraji, E. H., et al., "PIXE multivariate statistics and OSL investigation for the classification and dating of archaeological pottery excavated at Tell Al-Rawda site, Syria", Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 347, pp. 20-25, 2015
• Castel, Corinne. "Monumental Architecture at the Margins of the Syrian Desert: Spatial Analysis, Functions and Rituals of the Sanctuary of Tell Al-Rawda (Early Bronze Age IV)." ICAANE Proceedings of the 12th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, held in Bologne. Vol. 12. Harrassowitz Verlag, 2021
• Castel, Corinne, "Stratégies de subsistance et modes d'occupation de l'espace dans la micro-région d'Al-Rawda au Bronze ancien final (Shamiyeh)", Urban and natural landscapes of an ancient Syrian capital: settlement and environment at Tell Mishrifeh/Qatna and in central-western Syria...-(Studi archeologici su Qatna; 1), pp. 1000-1012, 2007
• [3]Castel, Corinne, "L'abandon d'al-Rawda (Syrie) à la fin du troisième millénaire: premières tentatives d'explication", Publications de l'Institut Français d'Études Anatoliennes 19.1, pp. 159-178, 2007
• Castel, Corinne,, "Deux empreintes de sceaux-cylindres sur céramique du Bronze ancien IVB à Tell Al-Rawda: l'usage local d'une pratique sigillaire en Syrie intérieure", Pearls of the Past. Studies on Near Eastern Art and Archaeology in Honour of Frances Pinnock, hrsg. v. D'Andrea, Marta (marru 8), pp. 161-186, 2019
• Castel, Corinne, "Urban planning and urbanization in 3rd Millennium Syria. Tell Al-Rawda in context", Ebla and Beyond Ancient Near Eastern Studies after Fifty Years of Discoveries at Tell Mardikh, pp. 75-105, 2018
• [4] Corinne Castel. The First Temples in antis : The Sanctuary of Tell Al-Rawda in the Context of 3rd millennium Syria. Becker J.; Hempelmann R.; Rehm E. Kulturlandschaft Syrien, Zentrum und Peripherie, Festschrift für Jan-Waalke Meyer, Ugarit Verlag, pp. 123-164, 2010
• Geyer, Bernard (2001). Conquête de la steppe et appropriation des terres sur les marges arides du Croissant fertile (in French). Lyon: Maison de l'Orient. ISBN 978-2-903264-78-9.
• [5]Jabbour, Ali, "The Evolution of Defensive Elements in the Syrian Cities and Kingdoms during the Bronze Age" "Syrian Jazirah, Euphrates region, Northern Levant, Between the Early and Middle Bronze Age", 2020
• [6]Moulin, Bertrand, and Olivier Barge, "Hydrological Modeling and Management of Water Ressources in the Syrian Steppe during the Early Bronze Age, the Case of the Fortified City of Al-Rawda", Archaeology and Computer (CHNT9), 2004
• Emmanuelle Vila, "Animal Economy at the End of the Third Millennium bc in the Syrian Badiyah:A Comparative Study of Tell Chuēra and Tell Al-Rawda", Corinne Castel; Jan-Waalke Meyer; Philippe Quenet (eds). Circular Cities of Early Bronze Age Syria., SUBARTU, pp.201-210, 2020

• Mission archéologique franco-syrienne de Tell Al-Rawda