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Correspondence of Lorraine toponyms in French and German

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The various toponyms in the historical region of Lorraine are often known by very different names depending on the language in which they are expressed. This article provides an understanding of the linguistic and historical origin of this diversity and lists a number of correspondences for communes and lesser localities in the four departments of the former region: Meuse, Meurthe-et-Moselle, Moselle, and Vosges.

Exonyms and endonyms

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In the context of toponyms, and with regard to the scope of this article, exonyms and endonyms are the differing external and internal names, respectively, used by different languages or cultures for a specific geographic place. For the people that speak German and live in Germany, for example, Deutschland is their endonym for that country. Conversely, Allemagne is the exonym in French, 'Germany' is the exonym in English, and so on.

The same idea can apply within a country too, between regions having vastly different linguistical and cultural histories. The emphasis in this article is on those toponyms that began as Gallo-Roman endonyms in some cases, but more often as endonyms following the Germanic migrations, and particularly what emerged from the Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties. Now, more than a millennium later, many of these toponyms have three different names—in Lorraine Franconian, French, and German—due to shifts in culture and language and changes in land possession.

Linquistical aspects of toponyms in Lorraine

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The 'determinant-determined' of the Romano-Francs

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The origin of toponyms, of which exonyms are a certain type, is sometimes controversial, especially in Lorraine where successive or simultaneous occupations by different peoples and changes in culture have often influenced toponymy more than elsewhere.

As in all regions marked by Germanic influence, adjectives or appellatives often precede nouns. Many toponyms are formed with the name of a local lord or land owner. In some cases, however, a particular topographical, religious, or historical aspect may have played a more important role, which is difficult to determine in Gallo-Romance formations in particular. While Gallic toponyms are often poorly clarified due to insufficient knowledge of the language, Romanesque toponyms often play the role of those older Celtic toponyms that have been redesigned in the Romanesque style.

The Ripuarian and Salian Franks, and for some time also the Alemanni in eastern Lorraine, introduced Germanic toponyms. A patronymic practice of the Romano-Francs that developed from the Merovingian Dynasty was to merge Roman and Germanic habits. The Germanic rule of word composition from right to left (i.e. the decisive-determined order), largely governs the formation of Lorraine toponyms, both in Germanic and in Roman dialect.

For example, the Lorraine dialect places the adjective epithet before the noun it describes. A "white rupt" is a "white stream" (clear and transparent meaning). This is especially true for oronyms and toponyms in localities that make extensive use of local dialect. Gerardmer (Giraumouè) is the "Lake of Gerold", which can therefore be translated in the same order in German language: Geroldsee. The use of Geroltzsee is attested locally as early as 1484.[1][2]

This information is fundamental in Romanesque toponymy and the determining-defined order, sometimes misunderstood, is the rule in Normandy (except Avranchin), Picardy, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Champagne-Ardenne, northern Franche-Comté and Île-de-France, so it is not surprising that this method of composition is present in Romanesque Lorraine.

In the west and south, the reverse order — determined-determinant — is more dominant. Thus, for example, names like Neufchâteau, Neufchâtel, Neuville, and Neubourg du nord have opposite construction to Chateauneuf, Castelnau, Villeneuve, and Bourgneuf further south. Even if a Lorrain does not feel completely at home in Flanders because of the Flemish forms (-kerque, -em, -hem, -hout, -brouck, -berghe, -dorp) largely different from German forms, and even more so in Normandy with the Anglo-Norroese appellatives (-crique-, -ham, -londe, brique- [?], hougue / hogue, Torp(s) / -tour(ps)), they can easily feel a common practice (-kirch, -om, -heim, -holtz, -bruck, -berg, -troff / -droff).

In German-speaking Lorraine, the word dorf (for 'village') is often passed to troff by hardening from /d/ to /t/ and metathesis from /r/.

The toponyms in -angel (Common Germanic -ing) are typically Lorrainian and correspond to a relatively recent decline in Germanic speaking in Lorraine. Elsewhere this form is exceptional except in Luxembourg and the Luxembourgish part of Wallonia. In Flanders and Artois, -inge, -in, -ain, its correspondents, are also the expression of a decline in the Flemish language or at least a desire to make toponyms more Gallicized. In the Romanesque area, where Germanic speakers disappeared very early, the suffix is found in the forms -ans in Franche-Comté or Burgundy, in the southwest and a little in Languedoc in the forms -eins, -ens, -ein and sometimes also -ans. This suffix is much rarer in the west, where it sometimes takes the form of -an or -angles. Its absence is remarkable in northern Picardy, a region where Romanesque toponymy is the most "Germanized" in France.

Paradoxically, in Romanesque Lorraine, there is no common series of calls in the north and northwest, whose Germanic origin is proven. Thus, these types are not frequently found:

  • Husdinium of *husidinja (shelter) in Hodeng, Hodent, Houdan, Hesdin...
  • hlar (wasteland) in Mouflers, Flers, Meulers...
  • ala(c)h (temple) in Neauphe, Neaufles, Neauphle or Niafles, and Boffles, Bouafles...
  • afisna / avisna (pasture) in Avesnes, Avernes...
  • *Rosbaki (reed stream) has evolved in Frankish Lorraine in Rohrbach, Rorbach, elsewhere in the north and northwest, and there are Robecq, Rebecques, Rebais, or Rebets...

You can find toponyms in short from the Doubs to Normandy, from Ile-de-France to Walloon Belgium. The -court toponyms have been chronologically replaced by the -ville toponyms, of which Romanesque Lorraine is the second 'provider' after Normandy and before the exceptional area of Beauce. There are also some in the Charentes and in the southwest around Toulouse.

Lorraine diglossia

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Independent ducal Lorraine included a Bailiwick of Germany[3] that crossed the current Moselle border to the north. The Lorraine Romans referred to all those who spoke a Germanic dialect as 'Germans' as opposed to their Romance language. So a German (or Ollemand) for a Romanesque Lorrain can also be a Lorrain of the Bailiwick of Germany or an Alsatian, or any person living beyond that. Conversely, neighbouring German-speaking people often called the Welsches romanophones.[4] This is also the case in Switzerland.

Lorraine's toponymy is not only a back-and-forth between the German and French forms more specific to the last two centuries. It is older, and shows a sensitivity common to all of eastern France where the 'determinant-determined' pair largely dominates while respecting habits and rules that ignore the heritage language.

In the Lorraine of the Ancient Regime Society,[5] the coexistence of a Romanesque and Germanic form for the same place was not uncommon. It was only with the integration into France under Stanislaus and then under the Jacobin regime and Prussian imperialism that both language and toponyms took on a political, patriotic, symbolic and identity value. Previously, the Duke of Lorraine recognized the official existence of German and French on his lands at the risk of having to have the most important acts and charters translated one way or the other. In the regions of passage between the Germanic area and the Romanesque basin, the same place was named in the language of the respective speaker. This is the case for the toponym, Hautes Chaumes,[6] in the Vosges, which is in a Vosges dialect[7] and differs from the initial Alsatian dialect.

More than standard French, the Lorraine dialect allows a cross-reading of the region's toponyms and makes it possible to establish a correspondence between the two families of languages present on Lorraine's territory. This is one of Lorraine's unique characteristics, its function as a language buffer region, or space between.

Historical aspects of toponyms in Lorraine

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Definition of terms

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The subject of terms is very sensitive. It is linked to recent history, therefore the definition of terms is important.

Since that which is Germanic cannot be 'Germanized', the term "Germanization" for the periods 1870-1918 and 1940-1945 should be understood as an adaptation of form or graphics to standard German as intended by the heads of state of the last German empires. The Anglo-Saxons speak here rather of 'prussification' to avoid confusion. Moreover, many Moselle toponyms, characteristic of the Franconian Lorraine dialect, also exist in Germany or Austria. For a Francophone, Merlebach is objectively no less Germanic than Merlenbach.

The phenomenon is not specific to Moselle, a large part of Germany, especially in the south, had to willingly adopt standard German names for their official signs, but on the ground, the inhabitants continued to designate their village in the local form. No one is expecting to see 'Stuegert' on a city sign instead of Stuttgart today. Even today, an Alsatian and a Mosellan have their local form to designate their agglomeration. This also applies to village names in Lorraine dialect and beyond for all regions of France in local languages and dialects.

The difference is that Moselle suffered the arrival of 'prussification' as a denial of its specificity in view of the brutality of certain measures that followed the de facto annexation after the abandonment of the territories by the parliament meeting in Bordeaux in May 1871. This annexation was difficult to experience throughout the annexed Moselle because of the desire to 'prussify' Moselle by erasing its specificities. This was experienced as a constraint even in the Lorraine-Franco-speaking (Germanic) areas. It must also be said that part of the annexed Moselle known as Bezirk Lothringen, has always been Romanesque, mainly Metzgau and Saulnois,[8] except formerly the Dieuze region. Here, the Germanization of the toponym is an indisputable fact (Fresnes - Eschen). The locals were forced to change their names. This is why it must always be borne in mind that the phenomenon of "Germanization" does not cover the same thing depending on whether you start from an original Romanesque or historically Germanic toponym.

French and Lorraine Franconian (and Alsatian in Alsace) serve to make an ideological and political break with everything that sounds 'Prussian' or 'standardized German', because the occupants forbade or fought them. Thus, a simple 'n' at the end of a local toponym is enough to "Germanize" it when it is Germanic: Thedinge becomes Thedingen. At the same time, French Francizes the name by removing the dialectal 'e' to give Théding. The accent adds a little more gallicity. As well, it frequently reverses the names from -er to -re. Diacritical signs such as accents and umlauts have indeed played a role in francization or Germanization (e.g. Buding / Büdingen). Similarly, the accentuation of names is central. Lorraine Franconian and German emphasize the same linguistic relationship, placing a tonic accent at the initial of words, in general. On the other hand, the French name is unemphasized and is characterized by an increase in tone on the final part of the word. The difference between the Germanic and French form is audible.

Waves of francization and germanization

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In the south of the Pays de Nied,[9] there are current toponyms using -court that were formerly -troff / -torff. For example, Arraincourt from Armestroff, Thicourt from Diederstroff, Thonville from Oderstroff,[10] Hernicourt (in Herny) from Hermerstorf.

At the time of the Ancien Régime, referring to the sociopolitical system that prevailed in France for the two centuries preceding and up to the French Revolution, several Lorraine towns were recognized by two names, one in French and one in German. The following name-pair examples are found the dictionaries of Henri Lepage[11] and Ernest de Bouteiller,[12] respectively, and noted as recognized in 1594:

  • Mulcey was (fr) Mellecey alias (de) Metzingen
  • Zommange was (fr) Semanges alias (de) Simingen
  • Chemery-les-Deux was (fr) Clsmey alias (de) Schomberg
  • Les Étangs was (de) Tenchen alias (fr) Lestanche
  • Macker[13] was (de) Machern alias (fr) Maizières
  • Many was (de) Niderheim alias (fr) Magny
  • Morhange was (fr) Morhanges alias (de) Morchingen
  • Ottonville was (de) Ottendorf alias (fr) Ottonville
  • Roupeldange was (de) Rupplingen alias (fr) Ruppeldanges
  • Suisse was (fr) Xousse alias (de) Soultzen
  • Varize was (fr) Warize alias (de) Weybelsskirchen
  • Pontigny,[14] was (de) Nidbrücken alias (fr) Pont de Niet

These were certainly not the only spellings before or after 1594. The history for Pontigny, for example, a locality (or hamlet) in the commune Condé-Northen since 1810, is attested as:[14]

  • (de) Bruque 1339
  • (de) Brücke 1485
  • (de) Nydbrück alias (fr) Pont de Nied by the 16th century
  • (de) Nidbrück and (fr) Pontnied in 1542
  • (de) Nidbrücken alias (fr) Pont de Niet in 1594
  • (de) Niedbruch in 1606
  • (de) Niedbroug by the 17th century
  • (fr) Pontigni 1756
  • (fr) Poutigny 1793
  • (de) Niedbrücken 1940-44
  • (fr) Pontigny ever since

There were further name or spelling differences in the centuries prior, after localities were formed under the Frankish dynasties up to when first attestations are known.

The names of many communes in Moselle were Francized at the end of the Revolution, in particular those having the suffix -engen or -ingen, which was sometimes simplified into -ing or definitively replaced by the Romanesque form in -ing (e.g. -ingen was Romanized into -ingas and -inges since the Middle Ages, hence -ang). While in Bas-Rhin -ingen was preserved. To a lesser extent, this suffix has also been Francized over the centuries in other forms, including -ang, -in, -court, -gny, and so forth.

The toponyms in German-speaking Moselle[15] were often spelled -willer (sometimes -weiller) in the Bulletins des lois and several dictionaries from the 19th century until 1870. This form subsequently disappeared in the 20th century, after the World Wars. While in Alsace, the -willers were preserved, although they were sometimes mentioned -viller and -viler in 1793–1801.[16]

Some municipalities had a standard German name between 1793 and 1802, such as Folschviller (Folschweiler 1793), Ébersviller (Ebersweiler 1793), Berviller-en-Moselle (Berweiler 1793), Schmittviller (Schmittweiler 1793), Bisten-en-Lorraine (Bisten im Loch 1793), Château-Rouge (Rothdorf 1793), Mouterhouse (Mutterhausen 1801), Soucht (Sucht 1801), Rodalbe (Rodalben 1801), Merlebach[17] (Merlenbach 1801), Dalem (Dalheim 1801), Altrippe (Altrippen 1793).[16]

The dictionaries of Henri Lepage[11] on the Meurthe and Ernest de Bouteiller[12] on the Moselle, written before 1871, prove that many municipalities still had an alias in German during the 19th century. For example, Hagondange, Haute-Vigneulles, and Lorquin cited 'in German' as Hagelingen, Oberfillen and Lœrchingen in these same dictionaries, most recently written in 1868. The Germanization of names by the Prussians from 1871 onwards is therefore not an invention (except in certain cases), which used old Germanic references, sometimes the latest one. For example Argancy Germanized in Argesingen during the World War II, refers to an old Germanic mention Argesinga dating from 848.[18] and Chicourt Germanized as Diexingen (1915-1918) from the Diekesinga mention from 1121 and 1180 (-inga being the primitive form of -ingen).[19]

All the toponyms in the department had been gradually Germanized in the German period of the Alsace-Lorraine. The place names of German-speaking Lorraine were first Germanized, adjectives (top, bottom...) were then translated, then the names of villages close to the linguistic boundary of Moselle and the last ones, including all those of French-speaking Moselle,[20] were Germanized on 2 September 1915 (e.g. Augny).

At the end of the First World War in 1918, these place names reverted to their pre-1870 version.

All toponyms are Germanised after the annexation of 1940, most of the time using their 1918 form or another more or less different one. They were re-Francized in 1945.

Roman / Germanic correspondences

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Comparison of Lorrain appellatives

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Roman Lorraine form German form French Lorraine form, if different Significance
-brück bréck, -brikk/-brigg, -brikke/-brigge bridge
-wiese -wis, -wiss prairie, meadow
-ange, -anges -ing, -ingen -éng, -éngen, -inge
-bois -wald, -holz -holtz, -bësch wooded, forest
-bourg, -bo -burg -burch, -bursch, -buerg, -buerj castle, suburb, fortification
-celle(s) -zell = small convent, hermitage, monastic cell
chaume Alp, Alm Màtt near summerhouse
-château, -castel -burg, -schloss -kastel castle, palace
-court, -co -hof, -hofen -hoff/-haff, -howen/-huewen agricultural farm, rural hamlet
Dom- , -elize -kirch, -kirchen -kérch, -kérchen church
-ey / -y -ach / -ich -éch / -och property belongs to
-faing, -faigne -wasen, -moor = peat bog, swamp
fontaine -brunnen -bronn, -born, -burre, -brunn source, fountain
-gazon -heide, -matte, -matt = heath, high altitude field (Vosges)
-rupt, -goutte -bach -boch, -béch, -baach stream
-maisons, -granges -haus, -hausen -huse, -husen hamlet, farm
Maizières, Maizière Macheren, Machern Maacher, Macher mural, wall, ruin
-meix, -mouè, -mer -garten -gorten, -gotten garden, cultivated land
-mer -see = lake
-mont -berg -bierg, -bersch, -berj, -prich summit, mountain, hill, raised area
-moutier -münster -munster, -minster monastery, convent
-pierre -stein -sten rocky summit, rocky area
tête -kopf = summit, mountain
-val, -vaulx -tal -thal, -dal valley
-ville, -velle -hof, -dorf -hoff, -troff, -droff, -trëf, -drëf, -duerf rural domain, village
-viller(s), -villiers -weiler -willer, -weller hamlet, a distance in wooded area

Toponymic correspondences with communes in Meuse

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Toponymic correspondences with communes in Moselle

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French German
Aboncourt-sur-Seille Abenhofen
Abreschviller Abreschweiler
Achain Eschen
Achen Achen
Ackerbach Ackerbach
Adelange Adelingen
Adaincourt Adinghofen
Aidling Aidlingen
Albeschaux Albschhofen
Albestroff Albesdorf
Albing Albingen
Algrange Algringen
Alsting Alstingen
Alteville Altweiler
Althorn Althorn
Altkirch Altkirch
Altrippe Altrip
Altroff Altdorf
Alt-Schmelz Alt Schmelz
Altviller Altweiler
Alzing Alzingen
Amanvillers Amanweiler (1871-1918); Almansweiler (1940-1944)
Amelécourt Almerichshofen
Amnéville Ammenweiler
Ancerville Anserweiler
Ancy-Dornot, formerly Ancy-sur-Moselle[23] Ansen an der Mosel (1871-1883);Ancy an der Mosel (1883-1915); Anzig (1915-1918; 1940-1944)
Angevillers Arsweiler
Angviller-lès-Bisping Angweiler
Anzeling Anzelingen
Apach Apach
Arlange Arlingen
Arraincourt Arnsdorf
Arriance Argenheim
Arry Arry (1871-1915); Arrich (1915-1918): Aringen (1940-1944)
Ars-Laquenexy Ars bei Kenchen
Ars-sur-Moselle Ars an der Mosel
Arzviller Arzweiler
Aspach Aspach
Assenoncourt Essesdorf
Attilloncourt Edelinghofen
Aube Alben
Audun-le-Tiche Deutsch Oth
Audviller Ottweiler
Augny Auning (1915-1918); Auningen (1940-1944)
Aulnois-sur-Seillle Erlen
Aumetz Aumetz
Avricourt Deutsch-Avricourt (1871-1915), Elfringen (1915–18; 1940–44)
Ay-sur-Moselle Aich an der Mosel
Azoudange Anslingen (1915-1918), Aßlingen (1940-1944)
Bacourt Badenhofen
Baerenthal Bärenthal
Ballering Balleringen
Bambesch Bambesch
Bambiderstroff Baumbiedersdorf
Bannay Bizingen
Bannstein Bannstein
Ban-St-Jean Ban-St. Johann
Barchain Barchingen
Baronville Baronweiler
Barst Barst
Hoste-Bas Niederhost
Basse-Ham Niederham
Basse-Rentgen Nieder Rentgen
Basse-Vigneulles Nieder Fillen
Bassing Bessingen
Bassompierre Bettstein
Baudrecourt Baldershofen
Bazoncourt Bettstein
Bébing Bebingen
Bédestroff Beidersdorf
Béchy Bechingen
Befey Befey
Behren-lès-Forbach Behren
Bellange Bellingen
Belles-Forêts Angweiler and Bisping
Bénestroff Bensdorf
Béning-lès-Saint-Avold Beningen
Béning Beningen
Grostenquin Großtänchen
Berg-sur-Moselle Berg a.d. Mosel
Bérig Berig
Berling Berlingen
Bermering Bermeringen
Berthelming Berthelmingen (1871–1918), Bartolfingen (1940-1944)
Bertrange Betringen
Berviller-en-Moselle Berweiler
Besville Besweiler
Bettange Bettingen
Bettborn Bettborn
Bettelainville Bettendorf; Bettsdorf
Betting Bettingen
Betting-lès-Saint-Avold Bettingen
Bettring Bettringen
Bettviller Bettweiler
Beuvange-sous-Justemont Bevingen unter Justberg
Beuvange-s/s-St-Michel Bevingen vor St. Michel
Beux Niederbö and Oberbö
Bévange Bevingen
Beyren-lès-Sierck Beiern
Bezange-la-Petite Klein-Bessingen
Biberkirch Biberkirch
Bibiche Bibisch
Bickenholtz Bickenholz
Bidestroff Biedesdorf
Biding Büdingen
Bining Biningen
Bioncourt Bionshofen
Bionville-sur-Nied Bingen
Bisten-en-Lorraine Bisten Im Loch; Bisten in Lothringen; Bisten am Mottenberg
Bisping Bispingen
Bistroff Bischdorf
Bitche Bitsch
Bizing Bisingen
Blanche-Église Weißkirchen
Blancrupt Blancupt
Blettange Blettingen
Bliesbruck Bliesbrücken
Blies-Ébersing Bliesebersingen
Blies-Guersviller Bliesgersweiler
Bionville-sur-Nied Bingen a.d. Nied
Bocknang Bocknang
Boler Boler
Bonne-Fontaine Gutenbrunnen
Boucheporn Buschborn
Boulange Bollingen
Boulay-Moselle Bolchen
Bourgaltroff Burgaltdorf
Bourg-Esch Burg Esch
Bousbach Buschbach
Bourscheid Burscheid
Boussange Bussingen
Bousse Buss
Bousseviller Bußweiler
Boust Bust
Boustroff Buschdorf
Bouzonville Busendorf
Brandelfing Brandelfingerhof
Brecklange Brecklingen
Bréhain Brehain
Breidenbach Breidenbach
Breistroff-la-Grande Breischdorf
Breistroff-la-Petite Klein Breisdorf
Brementeile Brementeile
Brettnach Brettnach
Bromsenhoff Bromsenhof
Brouck Bruchen
Brouderdorff Bruderdorf
Brouviller Brauweiler
Brulange Brülingen
Buchelberg Buchelberg
Buchy Buchingen
Budange-sous-Justemont Büdingen unter Justberg
Buding Büdingen
Budling Bidlingen
Buhl-Lorraine Bühl in Lothringen
Bure Bure
Burlioncourt Burlingshofen
Burtoncourt Brittendorf
Cadenbronn Cadenbronn
Cappel Cappel
Carling Karlingen
Castviller Kastweiler
Cattenom Kattenhofen
Chambourg Schaumburg
Chambrey Kambrich
Chanville Hanhausen
Charleville-sous-Bois Karlheim (1871), Karlsheim am Wald (1940-1944)
Château-Rouge Rothendorf
Château-Salins Salzburg
Château-Voué Dürkastel
Châtel-Saint-Germain Sankt German
Chemery-les-Deux Schemberg; Schemmerich or Schemerich (1871-1918); Schomberg (1940-44)
Chenois Eichendorf
Chérisey Schersingen
Chesny Kessenach
Chicourt Schöllen
Clouange Kluingen; Klingen
Cocheren Kochern
Coincy Konzich
Coin-lès-Cuvry Kuberneck
Coin-sur-Seille Selzeck
Colligny-Maizery Colligny and Macheringen; Kollingen and Macheringen
Colmen Colmen
Condé Contchen
Conthil Kontich
Contz-les-Bains Bad Kontz
Corny-sur-Moselle Corningen; Korningen
Cottendorff Cottendorf
Coume Kuhmen
Courcelles-Chaussy Kurzel
Courcelles-sur-Nied Courcelles an der Nied; Kurzel an der Nied
Craincourt Kranhofen
Créhange Kriechingen
Creutzwald Kreuzwald
Cubolot Kubelott
Cutting Kuttingen
Cuvry Kubern
Dabo Dagsburg
Dalem Dalem
Dalhain Dalheim
Dalstein Dalstein
Dam Dam
Danne-et-Quatre-Vents Dann und Vierwinden
Dannelbourg Dannelburg
Daspich Daspich
Dédeling Dedelingen
Delme Delm
Denting Dentingen
Desseling Desselingen
Destry Destrich
Devant-les-Ponts Devant-les-Ponts (merged into Metz)
Diane-Capelle Dianen Kappel
Diderfing Diederfingen
Diding Didingen
Diebling Dieblingen
Diding Diedingen
Diesen Diesen
Dieuze Duß
Diffembach-lès-Hellimer Diefenbach bei Hellmer
Diffenbach-lès-Puttelange Dieffembach-Petelange
Distroff Diesdorf
Dodenom Dodenhofen
Dollenbach Dollenbach
Dolving Dolvingen
Domnom-lès-Dieuze Dommenheim
Donjeux Domningen
Donnelay Dunningen (1871-1918), Karpfendorf (1940-1944)
Dourd'hal Dordal
Dorst Dorst
Dorviller Dorweiler
Drogny Drechingen
Ebange Ebingen
Ebersviller Ebersweiler
Eblange Eblingen
Ebring Ebringen
Edange Edingen
Edling Edlingen
Éguelshardt Egelshardt
Eich Eich (part of Réding)
Eigenthal Eigenthal
Eincheville Enschweiler
Elange Ellingen
Ellviller Ellweiler (part of Loupershouse)
Elvange Elwingen
Elzange Elsingen
Elzing Elsingen
Aboncourt Endorf
Enchenberg Enschenberg
Ennery Ennerchen (1915-1918); Hochschloß (1940-1944)
Entrange Entringen
Epping Eppingen
Erbsenthal Erbsenthal
Erching Erchingen
Ernestviller Ernstweiler
Erstroff Ersdorf
Escherange Escheringen
Erzange Erzingen
Escherange Escheringen
Eschviller Eschweiler
Esing Esingen
Etting Ettingen
Etzling Etzlingen
Evange Ewingen
Evendorff Evendorf
Evrange Ewringen
Failly Failen
Falck Falk
Faux-en-Forêt ???
Fameck Fameck
Farébersviller Pfarrebersweiler
Farschviller Farschweiler
Faulbach Faulbach
Faulquemont Falkenberg
Fénétrange Finstingen
Férange Fehringen
Feriendal Feriental
Féy Feriental
Filstroff Filsdorf
Fixem Fixem
Flastroff Flasdorf
Flatten Flatten
Fleisheim Fleisheim
Flétrange Fletringen
Fleury Fletringen
Flocourt Flörchingen
Florange Flörchingen
Folkling Folklingen
Folpersviller Folpersweiler
Folschviller Folschweiler
Fontoy Fentsch
Forbach Forbach
Fossieux Fossingen
Foulcrey Folkringen
Fouligny Füllingen
Foville Folkheim
Francaltroff Freialtdorf
Fraquelfing Fraukelfingen
Frauenberg Frauenberg
Freching Frückingen; Freckingen
Freistroff Freisdorf
Frémery Fremerchen (1915-1918); Fremersheim (1940-1944)
Frémestroff Fremesdorf
Freudenberg Freudenberg
Freybouse Freibuß
Freyming-Merlebach Freimingen-Merlenbach
Fribourg Freiburg
Frohmuhle Frohmühle
Gallenmuhle Gallenmühle
Gallonier Gallonier
Gandrange Gandringen
Gandren Gandern
Garche Garsch
Garrebourg Garburg
Gavisse Gauwies (1871-1918), Gauwiesen (1940–1944)
Gaweistroff Gaweisdorf
Gelucourt Gisselfingen
Glasenberg [fr] Glasenberg
Gerbécourt Gerbertshofen
Givrycourt Hampat (1915-1918); Gierenhofen (1940-1944)
Glatigny Glatingen
Goetzenbruck Götzenbrück
Goin Göhn (1915-1918); Godingen (1940-1944)
Gomelange Gelmingen
Gondrexange Gunderchingen
Gongelfang Gongelfangen
Gorze Gorz (1915-1918); Gorschen (1940-1944)
Gosselming Gosselmingen
Gravelotte Gravelotte
Grand Roupelstouden Groß Rupelstuden
Grand-Soldat Soldatenthal
Gréning Greningen
Grémecey Gremsich
Grindorff Grindorf
Grosbliederstroff Großblittersdorf
Gros-Réderching Großrederchingen
Grossmann Großmann
Grostenquin Großtänchen
Grundviller Grundweiler
Guebenhouse Gebenhausen
Guébestroff Gebesdorf
Guéblange-lès-Dieuze Güblingen
Guébling Gebling
Guéling Gelingen
Guentrange Gintringen
Guenviller Genweiler
Guermange Germingen
Guerstling Gerstlingen
Guerting Gertingen
Guessling Gesslingen
Guiching Gichingen
Guiderkirch Güderkirch
Guinglange Gänglingen
Guinkirchen Gehnkirchen
Guinzeling Geinslingen
Guirlange Girlingen
Guisberg Güsberg (1871); Giesbergerhof (1878)
Guntzviller Gunzweiler
Haboudange Habudingen
Habsterdick Habsterdick
Hackenberg Hackenberg
Hagen Hagen
Hagondange Hagendingen
Hallering Halleringen
Halling Hallingen bei Pütlingen
Halling-lès-Boulay Hallingen
Halmoze ???
Halstroff Halsdorf
Hambach Hambach
Hampont Hudingen (1915–1918), Hüdingen (1940–1944)
Ham-sous-Varsberg Ham unter Varsberg (1871-1918), Hamm unter Warsberg (1940–1944)
Hangviller Hangweiler
Han-sur-Nied Han an der Nied (1871-1918), Hann an der Nied (1940-1944)
Hannocourt Handorf
Hanviller Hanweiler
Haraucourt-sur-Seille Haraldshofen
Hargarten-aux-Mines Hargarten
Hargarten Hargarten
Harprich Harprich
Harreberg Haarberg
Hartzviller Harzweiler
Haselbourg Haselburg
Haspelschiedt Haspelschied
Hastroff Hasdorf
Hattigny Hattingen
Hauconcourt Halkenhofen
Haut-Clocher Zittersdorf
Haute-Ham Oberham
Haute-Kontz Ober Kontz
Haute-Rentgen Ober Rentgen
Haute-Sierck Ober Sierck
Haute-Vigneulles Oberfillen
Hoste-Haut Oberhost
Hoste-Bas Niederhost
Havange Havingen
Hayange Hayingen
Hayes Haiß
Hazembourg Hassenburg
Heckenransbach Heckenranschbach
Heckling Hechlingen
Heiligenbronn Heiligenbronn (part of Enchenberg)
Heining-lès-Bouzonville Heiningen
Helfling Helfling (part of Guinglange)
Hellering Helleringen
Hellering-lès-Fénétrange Helleringen
Hellert? Hellert?
Hellimer Helmer
Helling Hellingen
Helstroff Helsdorf
Hémering Hemeringen
Hémilly Hemming; Hemelich
Héming Hemingen
Henridorff Heinrichsdorf
Henriville Herrchweiler
Hérange Heringen
Hermelange Hermelingen
Herny Herlingen
Herrenwald Herrenwald
Hertzing Herzingen
Hessange Hessingen
Hesse Hessen
Hesseling Hesselingen
Hestroff Heßdorf
Hettange-Grande Groß Hettingen
Hilbesheim Hilbesheim
Hilsprich Hilsprich
Himeling Himlingen
Hinckange Heinkingen
Hingsange Hingsingen
Hinsing Hinsingen
Hirbach Hirbach
Hirps Hirps
Hobling Hoblingen
Hoelling Höllingen
Hoenerhof Hörnerhof
Holbach Holbach
Holbach Holbach
Holling Hollingen
Holving Holvingen
Hombourg-Bas Nieder Homburg
Hombourg-Budange Homburg b. Büdingen
Hombourg-Haut Ober Homburg
Homeldange Homeldingen
Hommarting Hommartingen
Hommert Hommert
Honskirch Honskirch
Hottviller Hottweiler
Huberville ???
Hultehouse Hültenhausen
Hundling Hundlingen
Hunting Huntingen
Hussange Hüssingen
Ibrick Ibrick
Illange Illingen
Imeldange Imeldingen
Imling Imlingen
Immerhof Immerhof
Inglange Inglingen
Insming Insmingen
Insviller Insweiler
Ippling Ipplingen
Ising Isingen
Itzing Itzingen
Janau Janau
Justemont Justberg
Kalembourg Kalemburg
Kalhausen Kalhausen
Kaltweiller Kaltweiler
Kanfen Kanfen
Kapellenhof Kapellenhof
Kappelkinger Kappelkinger
Kédange-sur-Canner Kedingen a.d. Kanner
Kemplich Kemplich
Kerbach Kerbach
Kerling-lès-Sierck Kerlingen
Kerprich-aux-Bois Kerpich im Wald
Ketzing Ketzingen
Kirviller Kirrweiler
Kirsch-Lès-Luttange Kirch b. Lüttingen
Kirsch-lès-Sierck Kirch b. Sierck
Kirschnaumen Kirchnaumen
Kitzing Kitzingen
Kleindal Kleintal
Knutange Knutingen
Kœking Köckingen, Kechingen
Kœnigsmacker Königsmachern
Koerperhoff Körperhof
Konacker Konacker
Kraftel Kraftel
Kreutzkopf Kreuzkopf
Kuntzig Künzig
Kutzeling Kützelingen
L'Espérance Hoffnung
L'Hôpital Spittel
La Breidt Breidt
La Hardt Hardt
La Hoube Hub
La Marcarerie Meierei
La Netz Netz
La Valette Obervalette
Lachambre Kainern
Lacroix Kreuz
Lafrimbolle Lassemborn
Lallewald Lallewald
Lambach Lambach
Landange Landingen
Landroff Landorf
Laneuveville-lès-Lorquin Neuendorf bei Lörchingen
Laneuveville-en-Saulnois Neuheim in Lothringen
Langatte Langd
Languimberg Langenberg
Laning Laningen
La-Poste-de-Hommarting Hommartinger Posten
Laumesfeld Laumesfeld
Launstroff Launsdorf
Le Val-de-Guéblange Geblingen
Légeret ???
Lelling Lellingen
Lemberg Lemberg
Lemestroff Lemesdorf
Léning Leiningen
Les Étangs Tennschen
Lettenbach Lettenbach
Leyviller Leyweiler
Lhor Lohr
Lidrequin Linderchen
Lidrezing Liedersingen
Liederschiedt Liederscheidt
Lieschbach Lieschbach
Lindre-Basse Nieder Linder
Lindre-Haute Ober Linder
Linstroff Linsdorf
Lixheim Lixheim
Lixing-lès-Rouhling Lixingen
Lixing-lès-Saint-Avold Lixingen
Logne Leiserhof
Lommerange Lommeringen
Longeville-lès-Saint-Avold Lubeln
Lorquin Lörchingen
Lostroff Losdorf
Loudrefing Lauterfingen
Loupershouse Lupershausen
Loutremange Lautermingen
Loutzviller Lutzweiler
Loux Luchs
Ludelange Lüdelingen
Luttange Lüttingen
Lutzelbourg Lützelburg
Macheren Machern
Macker Macker
Mailanderberg Mailänderberg
Mainvillers Maiweiler
Maison Rouge Rothaus
Malling Mallingen
Mambach Mambach
Mancy Menchen
Manderen Mandern
Manom Monhofen
Many Niederum
Marange Maringen
Marange-Silvange Maringen-Silvingen
Marienau Marienau
Marivaux ???
Marspich Marsprich
Marthille Marthil
Maxstadt Maxstadt
Mégange Mengen
Meisenbruck Meisenbrück
Meisenthal Meisenthal
Menskirch Menskirchen
Merschweiller Merschweiler
Merten Merten
Métaires-lès-St-Quirin Quirinsweiler
Métrich Metrich
Metring Metringen
Metschbruck Metschbrück
Metting Mettingen
Metzeresche Metzeresch
Metzerwisse Metzerwiese
Metzing Metzingen
Meyerhof Meyerhof
Milberg Milberg
Mittelbronn Mittelbronn
Mittersheim Mittersheim
Molring Molringen
Molvange Molwingen
Momerstroff Momersdorf
Mondelange Mondelingen
Mondorff Mondorf
Monneren Monneren
Montbronn Mombronn
Mondidier Diedersberg
Montenach Montenach
Montigny-lès-Metz Monteningen
Montrequienne Monterchen
Morhange Mörchingen
Morlange Morlingen
Morlange-lès-Rémelange Moerlingen
Morsbach Morsbach
Morsbronn Morsbronn
Moulin Neuf Neumühle
Moulin Mühle
Mouterhouse Mutterhausen
Munster Münster
Narbéfontaine Memersbronn
Nébling Neblingen
Nelling Nellingen
Neudorf Neudorf
Neufchef Neuhäuser
Neufgrange Neuscheuern
Neufmoulins Neumühlen
Neufvillage Neudörfel
Neumuhle Neumühle
Neunkirch Neunkirch
Neunkirchen-lès-Bouzonville Neunkirchen b. Busendorf
Niderhoff Niederhof
Niderviller Niederweiler
Niederstinzel Niederstinzel
Niedervisse Niederwiese
Niedwelling Niedwellingen
Nilvange Nilvingen
Nolweiher Nolweiher
Nondkeil Nondkeil
Northen Northen
Nousseviller-lès-Bitche Nußweiler b. Bitsch
Nousseviller-Saint-Nabor Nußweiler b. Saint-Nabor
Oberdorff Oberdorf
Obergailbach Obergailbach
Obermuhlthal Obermühlthal
Obernaumen Obernaumen
Oberstinzel Oberstinzel
Obrick Obrick
Odenhoven Odenhoven
Oeting Ötingen
Oeutrange Ötringen
Ohrenthal Ohrenthal
Olsberg Olsberg
Opperding Opperdingen
Ormersviller Ormersweiler
Ottange Ottingen
Ottonville Ottendorf
Otzwiller Otzweiler
Oudrenne Udern
Parthe-Basse Nieder Parth
Parthe-Haute Ober Parth
Petit Chemery Klein Schemern
Petit-Ebersviller Klein Ebersweiler
Petit-Eich Klein Eich
Petite-Rosselle Kleinrosseln
Petit-Réderching Kleinrederchingen
Petit-Tenquin Klein Tänchen
Phalsbourg Pfalzburg
Philippsbourg Philippsburg
Piblange Pieblingen
Plaine-de-Walsch Hochwalsch
Plappecourt Peblingen
Pontigny Niedbrücken
Pontpierre Steinbiedersdorf
Porcelette Porcelette
Postroff Postdorf
Preisch Preisch
Puttelange-aux-Lacs Püttlingen
Puttelange-lès-Thionville Püttlingen
Racrange Rakrigen
Rahling Rahlingen
Ramstein Ramstein
Ranguevaux Rangwall
Raville Rollingen
Rech (Sarralbe) Rech
Réchicourt-le-Château Rixingen
Rédange Redingen
Redlach Redlach
Réding Rieding
Rehthal Rehthal
Reinange Reiningen
Remelange Remelingen
Remeldorff Remeldorf
Rémelfang Remelfangen
Rémelfing Remelfingen
Rémeling Remelingen
Rémering Remeringen
Rémering-lès-Puttelange Remeringen
Réning Reiningen
Reyersviller Reyersweiler
Rhodes Rodt
Richeling Richlingen
Richemont Reichersberg
Rimling Rimlingen
Rinting Rintingen
Riorange Rioringen
Risholtz Risholz
Ritzing Ritzingen
Rochonvillers Ruxweiler
Rodalbe Rodalben
Rodemack Rodemachern
Rodenbuhl Rodenbühl
Rodlach Rodlach
Rohrbach-lès-Bitche Rohrbach b. Bitsch
Rombas Rombach
Romelfing Rommelfingen
Roppeviller Roppweiler
Rorbach-lès-Dieuze Rohrbach b. Duß
Rosbruck Rosbrück
Rosselange Rösslingen
Roth Roth
Rouhling Ruhlingen
Roupeldange Rupeldingen
Roussy-le-Bourg Burg Rüttgen
Roussy-le-Village Rüttgen
Rurange-lès-Mégange Rüringen
Rurange-lès-Thionville Rüringen b. Diedenhofen
Russange Rüssingen
Rustroff Rüsdorf
Sarreinsberg Saareinsberg
Saltzbronn Salzbronn
Sarralbe Saaralben
Sarraltroff Saaraltdorf
Sarrebourg Saarburg
Sarreguemines Saargemünd
Sarreinsming Saareinsmingen
Sarrewald Saarwald
Schaeferhof Schäferhof
Schalbach Schalbach
Schell Schell
Scheuerwald Scheuerwald
Schieresthal Schieresthal
Schmittviller Schmittweiler
Schneckenbusch Schneckenbusch
Schoeneck Schöneck
Schreckling Schrecklingen
Schwangerbach Schwangerbach
Schweix Schweix
Schweizerlaendel Schweizerländel
Schwerdorff Schwerdorf
Schweyen Schweyen
Seingbouse Sengbusch
Semming Semmingen
Sentzich Sentzich
Serémange Seremingen
Servigny-lès-Raville Silbernachen
Sierck-les-Bains Bas Sierck
Siersthal Siersthal
Silly-sur-Nied Sillers
Simserhof Simserhof
Singling Singlingen
Sitifort ???
Soetrich Sötrich
Sotzeling Sotzelingen
Soucht Sucht
Sparsbrod Sparsbrod
Spicheren Spichern
Saint-Avold Sankt Avold
Saint-Bernard Sankt Bernhard
Saint-Charles Sankt Karl
Saint-Michel Sankt Michel
Saint-Quirin Sankt Quirin
Sainte-Anne Sankt Anna
Sainte-Croix Heligkreuz
Sainte-Elisabeth Sankt Elisbeth
Steinbach Steinbach
Steinbesch Steinbesch
Saint-Jean-Kourtzerode Sankt Johann-Kurzerode
Sainte-Marguerite Sankt Margareth
Sainte-Suzanne Sankt Susanna
Saint-François Sankt Franz
Saint-François-Lacroix Sankt Franz
Saint-Georges Sankt Georg
Saint-Hubert Sankt Hubert
Stiring-Wendel Stieringen-Wendel
Saint-Jean-de-Bassel Sankt Johann vom Bassel
Saint-Jean-Rohrbach Johanns-Rohrbach
Saint-Joseph Sankt Joseph
Saint-Léon Sankt Leon
Saint-Louis Sankt Louis
Saint-Louis-lès-Bitche Münzthal-St. Louis
Saint-Nabor Sankt Nabor
Saint-Nicolas-en-Forêt Sankt Nikolaus im Wald
Saint-Oswald Sankt Oswald
Stuckange Stückingen
Sturzelbronn Stürzelbronn
Suisse Schweiz
Talange Talingen
Tarquimpol Tarquinpol
Tensch Tensch
Tenteling Tentelingen
Terville Terwen
Téterchen Teterchen
Teting-sur-Nied Tetingen a.d. Nied
Thalhauseln Thalhäuseln
Théding Thedingen
Thicourt Diedendorf
Thimonville Thimmenheim
Thionville Diedenhofen
Torcheville Dorsweiler
Tressange Tressingen
Troisfontaines Dreibrunnen
Trois-Maisons Dreihäuser
Tromborn Tromborn
Tullier ???
Tunting Tüntingen
Turquestein Türkstein
Uberkinger Überkinger
Uckange Ückingen
Untermuhlthal Untermühlthal
Urbach Urbach a.d. Breusch
Usselskirch Usselskirch
Vahl-Ebersing Vahl-Ebersing
Vahl-lès-Bénestroff Vahl b. Bensdorf
Vahl-lès-Faulquemont Vahl b. Falkenberg
Val-de-Bride Genesdorf
Valette Valette
Vallerange Walleringen
Vallerysthal Vallerysthal
Valmestroff Walmesdorf
Valmunster Valmünster
Vannecourt Warnhofen
Vantoux Wanten
Varize Waibelskirchen
Varsberg Varsberg
Vasperviller Wasperweiler
Vatimont Wallersberg
Vaudoncourt Wieblingen
Vaudreching Wallerchen
Veckersviller Weckersweiler
Veckring Weckringen
Velving Welwingen
Venheck Venheck
Wentzviller Wenzweiler
Vescheim Weschheim
Veymerange Weimertingen
Vibersviller Wiebersweiler
Vieux-Lixheim Alt Lixheim
Viller Weiler
Villers-Bettnach Weiler-Bettnach
Villing Willingen
Vilsberg Wilsberg
Vintrange Wintringen
Virming Wirmingen
Vittersbourg Wittersburg
Vittoncourt Wittenhofen
Viviers Weiher
Voelfling-lès-Bouzonville Wölflingen b. Busendorf
Voimhaut Wainwalz (1915-1918); Weintal (1940-1944)
Volkrange Volkringen
Volmerange-lès-Boulay Wolmeringen
Volmerange-les-Mines Wollmeringen
Volmunster Wolmünster
Volstroff Wolsdorf
Voyer Weiher
Vrémy Fremich (1915-1918); Fremmingen (1940-1944)
Vry Verich (1915-1918); Werich (1940-1944)
Waldhouse Waldhausen
Walscheid Walscheid
Waldweistroff Waldweisdorf
Waldwisse Waldwiese
Walschbronn Walschbronn
Waltembourg Waltenburg
Weidesheim Weidesheim
Weiherkirch Weiherkirch
Welferding Wölferdingen
Wiesviller Wiesweiler
Willerwald Willerwald
Wintersbourg Wintersburg
Wittring Wittringen
Woelfling-lès-Sarreguemines Wölflingen b. Saargemünd
Woustviller Wustweiler
Xouaxange Schweixingen
Yutz Jeutz
Zarbeling Zarbeling
Zellen Zellen
Zetting Zettingen
Zeurange Seringen
Zilling Zillingen
Zimming Zimmingen
Zinzing Zinzingen
Zommange Zommingen
Zondrange Zondringen
Zoufftgen Suftgen

Toponyms from the reorganization of territory

[edit]

The reorganization of territory is a common occurrence throughout history, thus an important consideration in toponymy. Counties and cantons can be broken apart. New communes can be formed by joining several localities together. And sometimes through these changes a given name can migrate to a different locality that where it was originally used. Records of such territorial changes are increasingly scarce with the centuries, thus territorial histories tend to obscure with time. Few attestations are available for the founding or change of territory through the late first millennium, but records gradually improve, and by the late second millennium, scholars like Cassini, Lepage, and Boutilleir have largely collated all the toponyms attested in charts concerning the history of Austrasia into dictionaries and other tombs of reference.

Consider Condé-Northen in Moselle, which began as the ancient commune, Condé (specifically Condium or Condicum), attested as existing in 787. In 1804, a neighboring commune, Northen, was attached to Condé and the new territory became known by the name it bears today. But the growth did not stop there. In 1810, Pontigny was attached, and finally Loutremange was attached in 1979 by order of a prefectoral decree (arrêté préfectoral[24]). While Northen, Pontigny, and Loutremange are no longer communes, thus no longer considered territorial collectivities, they are still recognized as localities within Condé-Northen.

Today communes increasingly join around large cities, where suburban communes grow into each other. For this to be possible, the communes must be adjacent and within the same department. Officials from both communes must jointly request the merger. The new municipality is typically named by hyphenating the two former toponyms together (seemingly in alphabetical order). Examples include Ancy-Dornot (formerly the communes of Ancy and Dornot[23]) and Freyming-Merlebach (formerly Freyming and Merlebach), both in Moselle. Others certainly exist, and more likely will in the future. Municipalities of this kind are formed in the historical region of Alsace as well.[25]

Yet another situation, though more rural and rare, is a large commune originally formed around multiple hamlets, farms, or other lesser localities that are nevertheless on the map. An example here concerns Métairies-Saint-Quirin, a relatively new commune formed around 1790 when the jurisdiction of the priory of Saint-Quirin was partially changed, possibly in relation to the National Convention. The distributed commune's domain originally encompassed eleven large farms, called censes:[26] Craon (then Créon), Cubolot, Fontaine aux Chênes, Halmoze, Heille (or Helde), L'hor, Le Jardinot (became Haute-Gueisse during the Revolution), Jean Limon, La Petite Maladrerie, Rond-Pré, and Viller (or Courtegain).[27] Of the original eleven properties making up the commune, only six still remain: Cubolot, Halmoze, Heille, Haute-Gueisse, Jean Limon, and Rond-Pré, as found on the map of Métairies-Saint-Quirin. The town hall of Métairies-Saint-Quirin has been located in Cubolot since 1920.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ (In French.) Archives de Meurthe-et-Moselle, B 739, No. 39
  2. ^ Paul Marchal, Dictionnaire topographique du département des Vosges, comprenant les noms de lieux anciens et modernes, Paris : Imprimerie nationale, 1941 (p. 183) online Archived 2014-09-10 at the Wayback Machine.
  3. ^ See w:fr:Bailliage d'Allemagne
  4. ^ Welsch is a German word derived from Walh to designate peoples speaking a non-Germanic language, usually Celtic or Romanesque. Welsch (or welche) is also a Romanesque dialect, spoken in the Welsh country of Alsace, and the name given to those who speak it. In Switzerland, Welsch is the familiar nickname given by the German-speaking Swiss to the French-speaking Swiss. See w:fr:Welsch.
  5. ^ See w:fr:Société d'Ancien Régime
  6. ^ See Hautes Chaumes
  7. ^ See w:fr:Vosgien
  8. ^ See w:fr:Salnois
  9. ^ A toponym used by some scholars (not consistently by all) to more narrowly mean the valley of the Nied river and the Moselle Franconian dialect spoken there, as distinction from the other two Franconian dialects spoken in Lorraine: Luxembourgish to the west and Rhine Franconian to the east. See Lorraine Franconian.
  10. ^ Paul Auguste Piémont, La toponymie (1969).
  11. ^ a b w:fr:Henri Lepage (historien), Dictionnaire topographique du département de la Meurthe (1862)
  12. ^ a b Ernest de Bouteiller, Dictionnaire topographique de l'ancien département de la Moselle : comprenant les noms de lieu anciens et modernes, rédigé en 1868 sous les auspices de la Société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Moselle (Paris: Imprimerie nationale)
  13. ^ See w:fr:Macker
  14. ^ a b See w:fr:Pontigny (Moselle), a locality (or hamlet) in the commune Condé-Northen since 1810
  15. ^ See w:fr:Moselle germanophone
  16. ^ a b (In French.) Ldh/EHESS/Cassini - Notices Communales.
  17. ^ Now Freyming-Merlebach, since 1971.
  18. ^ Paul Lévy, Histoire linguistique d'Alsace et de Lorraine (1929).
  19. ^ (In French.) Onoma - Volume 36 (2001).
  20. ^ See w:fr:Lorraine romane
  21. ^ a b Richard Fester, Regesten der Markgrafen von Baden und Hachberg, 1050–1515, t. 1 (Innsbruck Wagner, 1900), Online.
  22. ^ Hans Witte, Deutsche und Keltoromanen in Lothringen nach der Völkerwanderung: Die Entstehung des deutschen Sprachgebietes (Strassburg: Heitz & Mündel, 1891), Online.
  23. ^ a b (In French.) Arrête No. 2015 – DCTAJ – 1-083 du portant création de la commune nouvelle Ancy-Dornot, Préfet de la Moselle, 15 December 2015.
  24. ^ An arrêté préfectoral, one of many types of arrêté (decrees) in France, is basically an officialized granting of the mutual requests of two adjacent communes in the same canton or department to join into a single new municipality with a centralized administration.
  25. ^ For example, Brunstatt-Didenheim,
  26. ^ See w:fr:Cense.
  27. ^ See w:fr:Métairies-Saint-Quirin.