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CITATIONS

DONE by someone else?-add citation: International Sign (IS) is a contact variety of sign language used in a variety of different contexts, particularly at international meetings such as the World Federation of the Deaf (WFD) congress, events such as the Deaflympics, in video clips produced by Deaf people and watched by other Deaf people from around the world, and informally when travelling and socialising. It is a sign-language pidgin. It is not as conventionalised or complex as natural sign languages, and has a limited lexicon.[citation needed]

DONE-add cit: Subsequently, it was developed informally by deaf and hearing interpreters, and came to include more grammar — especially linguistic features that are thought to be universal among sign languages, such as role shifting and the use of classifiers. Additionally, the vocabulary was gradually replaced by more iconic signs and loan signsfrom different sign languages.[citation needed]

DONE-add cit: A parallel development has been occurring in Europe in recent years, where increasing interaction between Europe's deaf communities has led to the emergence of a pan-European pidgin or creole sign. It is referred to by some sign linguists as "Eurosigns". Influence in Euro-Signs can be seen from British Sign Language, French Sign Language and Scandinavian signs. [citation needed]

DONE-add cit: People communicating in International Sign tend to make heavy use of role play, as well as a feature common to most sign languages researched to date: an extensive formal system of classifiers. Classifiers are used to describe things, and they transfer well across linguistic barriers. It has been noted that signers are generally better at interlingual communication than non-signers, even without a lingua franca. Perhaps, along with deaf people's experience with bridging communication barriers, the use of classifiers is a key reason. [citation needed]

DONE-add cit: A manual alphabet is used for fingerspelling names, which is based on the one-handed systems used in Europe and America for representing the Roman alphabet. In a two-way conversation, any manual alphabet known may be used; often one speaker will fingerspell using the alphabet of the other party, as it is often easier to spell quickly in an unfamiliar alphabet than to read quickly. ISL also has a standardised system of numbers as these signs vary greatly between sign languages. [citation needed]

DONE-add cit: Each region's own sign is preferred for country and city names. This may be used in conjunction with spelling and classifying for the first instance, and the indigenous sign used alone from then on. [citation needed]


ADDITIONS

DONE-add: (in main heading)"International Sign is thought of as a universal sign by many, but with 142 different types of sign language listed with Ethnologue this is not the case."[1]

NOT NEEDED-add: (in history or vocab??) ...in1951, when the WFD was formed. In the early 1960’s linguists began to recognize sign languages were more than just gestures, and when William Stokoe published “Dictionary of American Sign Language”, linguists finally looked at sign languages to compare how similar or different they were to spoken languages[2]. Stokoe was also the first to suggest that people using sign weren’t using a “substandard form of English”, but a version with “its own phonological and grammatical system” [3].In the following... **Not sure how to introduce this as it looks like this very long paragraph actually has a cited source at the end. Should I put it somewhere else or split it up like I have??**

DONE-add: (under Vocab) In IS for example, the English “who”, “what”, and “how” are all translated simply to “what”. Another example of this simplified lexicon is the location of the sign itself. IS will use movements from the chest to indicate feeling signs, and signs near the head will indicate knowledge [4]. These simplifications however, can very between interpreters (one can choose a simplification over a much longer explanation), and because of this, certain information can be lost in translation [5].

DONE-add: (subcategory) "Key Issues with International Sign" - Because sign language relies heavily on local influences, many Deaf people don’t understand each others’ signs. For example, Native American sign is influenced by it’s past culture of hunting and gathering and many signs would be formed to indicate this. A sign from a French or British Deaf person’s culture would not however, and this could vary even within borders [6]. In these cases, many Deaf people revert to fingerspelling and gestures or mime, which has its own variations based on similar sign language properties [7]. The World Federation of the Deaf (WFD) has also voiced concern about these issues making reference to language standardization limiting a sign to a single meaning or word, thus losing all natural forms of the initial meaning [8]. There has however, been some success in standardization with Australian, Japanese, Kenyan, pan-Arab states and Netherlands sign language [9].Furthermore, a study commissioned by the WFD in 2007 showed that IS is used primarily in Europe and the United States further alienating nations from the process of a united language. The WFD does admit however, that there is still work to be done in these areas [10].

DONE-add: (to examp) "International Sign Language Dictionary" [1], web-archive" [1] instead of webarchive of short IS dictionary

NOT NEEDED-add: (to history) "Due largely in part to the WFD's efforts, September 23rd has been declared "International Day of Sign Languages" by the United Nations General Assembly. The declaration was backed by 97 member states and was officially adopted on December 19, 2017." [11]

DONE-add to examp: "EU sample dictionary of IS" [12]

DONE-add to examp: "European Union on the Deaf (EUD) - Information on IS" [13]

DONE-add to examp: "Signs2Cross Project - Information on International Sign" [14]

  1. ^ "Ethnologue".
  2. ^ Rosenstock, Rachel (2008). "The Role of Iconicity in International Sign". Sign Language Studies. 8 (2): 133. doi:10.1353/sls.2008.0003. ISSN 1533-6263. S2CID 145192212.
  3. ^ Adam, Robert (2015-07-08). "Standardization of Sign Languages". Sign Language Studies. 15 (4): 433. doi:10.1353/sls.2015.0015. ISSN 1533-6263. S2CID 145518387.
  4. ^ Rosenstock, Rachel (2008). "The Role of Iconicity in International Sign". Sign Language Studies. 8 (2): 143. doi:10.1353/sls.2008.0003. ISSN 1533-6263. S2CID 145192212.
  5. ^ Rosenstock, Rachel (2008). "The Role of Iconicity in International Sign". Sign Language Studies. 8 (2): 144–146. doi:10.1353/sls.2008.0003. ISSN 1533-6263. S2CID 145192212.
  6. ^ Battison, Robbin; Jordan, I. King (1976). "Cross-Cultural Communication with Foreign Signers: Fact and Fancy". Sign Language Studies. 1010 (1): 57–59. doi:10.1353/sls.1976.0018. ISSN 1533-6263. S2CID 144987587.
  7. ^ Battison, Robbin; Jordan, I. King (1976). "Cross-Cultural Communication with Foreign Signers: Fact and Fancy". Sign Language Studies. 1010 (1): 60. doi:10.1353/sls.1976.0018. ISSN 1533-6263. S2CID 144987587.
  8. ^ Adam, Robert (2015-07-08). "Standardization of Sign Languages". Sign Language Studies. 15 (4): 439. doi:10.1353/sls.2015.0015. ISSN 1533-6263. S2CID 145518387.
  9. ^ Adam, Robert (2015-07-08). "Standardization of Sign Languages". Sign Language Studies. 15 (4): 435–438, 441. doi:10.1353/sls.2015.0015. ISSN 1533-6263. S2CID 145518387.
  10. ^ Green, E. Mara (2014-08-13). "Building the tower of Babel: International Sign, linguistic commensuration, and moral orientation". Language in Society. 43 (4): 451–452. doi:10.1017/s0047404514000396. ISSN 0047-4045. S2CID 147662111.
  11. ^ "United Nations declared 23 September as International Day of Sign Languages - WFD". WFD. 2017-12-19. Retrieved 2018-10-16.
  12. ^ "The ISL video dictionary: 440 words - Sématos". www.sematos.eu. Retrieved 2018-10-16.
  13. ^ "International Sign | European Union of the Deaf". European Union of the Deaf. Retrieved 2018-10-16.
  14. ^ "international sign | Signs2Cross". www.acm5.com (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2018-10-16.
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