User:BladeJogger2049/sandbox
| Rwandan genocide | |
|---|---|
| Part of the Rwandan Civil War | |
 Human skulls at the Nyamata Genocide Memorial Centre | |
| Location | Rwanda |
| Date | 7 April – 15 July 1994 |
| Target | Tutsi population, and moderate Hutus |
Attack type | Genocide, mass murder |
| Deaths | Estimated:
800,000 (Tutsi only)[1] Up to 1,100,000 (All victims)[2] |
| Perpetrators | |
| Motive | Anti-Tutsi racism, Hutu Power |
|
| Part of a series on the |
| Rwandan genocide |
|---|
The Rwandan genocide[3] was the systematic ethnic cleansing and mass murder of ethnic Tutsis during the Rwandan Civil War. Over the course of 100 days beginning on 7 April 1994, approximately 800,000 Tutsis,[4][5][6] as well as some moderate Hutu and Twa, were slaughtered by armed militias organized by the Rwandan government, led by the far-right National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND) party.
In 1990, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), a rebel group composed mostly of Tutsi refugees, invaded northern Rwanda from their base in Uganda, initiating the Rwandan Civil War. Neither side was able to gain a decisive advantage in the war, and the Rwandan government, led by President Juvénal Habyarimana,[7] signed the Arusha Peace Accords with the RPF on 4 August 1993. On April 6, 1994, Habyarimana was assassinated, creating a power vacuum and ending peace accords. Genocidal killings began the following day when prominent Tutsi and moderate Hutu military and political leaders were executed. Historians believe that the genocide had been planned for at least several years.
The scale and extreme brutality of the genocide caused shock and outrage worldwide, however, no countries intervened to stop the killings.[8] Most of the victims were killed in their own villages or towns, many by their neighbors and fellow villagers. Hutu gangs searched out victims hiding in churches, mosques, and schools. The militias murdered victims with machetes and rifles.[9] Sexual violence was rife; an estimated 250,000 to 500,000 women were raped during the genocide.[10] Once the killings began, the RPF resumed the civil war and eventually captured all government territory, ending the genocide on 15 July 1994 and forcing the government and génocidaires into Zaire.
The genocide had lasting and profound effects. In 1996, the RPF-led Rwandan government launched an offensive into Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo), home to exiled leaders of the former Rwandan government and many Hutu refugees, starting the First Congo War and killing an estimated 200,000 people. Today, Rwanda has two public holidays to mourn the genocide, and "genocide ideology" and "divisionism" are criminal offences.[11][12] International Day of Reflection on the Rwandan genocide is observed globally on 7 April every year.[4] Although the Constitution of Rwanda claims that more than 1 million people perished in the genocide, researchers state that this number is scientifically impossible and exaggerated for political reasons.[13][14]
- ^ Meierhenrich, Jens (2020). "How Many Victims Were There in the Rwandan Genocide? A Statistical Debate". Journal of Genocide Research. 22 (1): 72–82. doi:10.1080/14623528.2019.1709611. The lower bound for Tutsi deaths is 491,000 (McDoom), see page 75 mention
- ^ https://medialibrary.uantwerpen.be/oldcontent/container2143/files/Publications/Annuaire/1996-1997/10-Reyntjens.pdf
- ^ "Outreach Programme on the 1994 Genocide Against the Tutsi in Rwanda and the United Nations". United Nations. 7 April 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
- ^ a b "Commemoration of International Day of Reflection on the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda – Message of the UNOV/ UNODC Director-General/ Executive Director". United Nations : Office on Drugs and Crime. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
- ^ "Rwanda genocide: 100 days of slaughter". BBC News. 4 April 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
- ^ Guichaoua, André (2 January 2020). "Counting the Rwandan Victims of War and Genocide: Concluding Reflections". Journal of Genocide Research. 22 (1): 125–141. doi:10.1080/14623528.2019.1703329. ISSN 1462-3528.
- ^ Sullivan, Ronald (7 April 1994). "Juvenal Habyarimana, 57, Ruled Rwanda for 21 Years". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
- ^ "Ignoring Genocide (HRW Report – Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda, March 1999)". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
- ^ Prunier 1995, p. 247.
- ^ Nowrojee 1996.
- ^ Sullo, Pietro (2018). "Writing History Through Criminal Law: State-Sponsored Memory in Rwanda". The Palgrave Handbook of State-Sponsored History After 1945. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 69–85. ISBN 978-1-349-95306-6.
- ^ Yakaré-Oulé, Jansen (11 April 2014). "Denying Genocide or Denying Free Speech? A Case Study of the Application of Rwanda's Genocide Denial Laws". Northwestern Journal of Human Rights. 12 (2): 192.
- ^ Meierhenrich, Jens (2020). "How Many Victims Were There in the Rwandan Genocide? A Statistical Debate". Journal of Genocide Research. 22 (1): 72–82. doi:10.1080/14623528.2019.1709611. S2CID 213046710.
Despite the various methodological disagreements among them, none of the scholars who participated in this forum gives credence to the official figure of 1,074,107 victims... Given the rigour of the various quantitative methodologies involved, this forum's overarching finding that the death toll of 1994 is nowhere near the one-million-mark is – scientifically speaking – incontrovertible.
- ^ Reydams, Luc (2020). "'More than a million': the politics of accounting for the dead of the Rwandan genocide". Review of African Political Economy: 1–22. doi:10.1080/03056244.2020.1796320.
The government eventually settled on 'more than a million', a claim which few outside Rwanda have taken seriously.
The death of 'more than a million' Tutsi became the foundation of the new Rwanda, where former exiles hold a monopoly on power. It also created the socio-political environment for the mass criminalisation of Hutu. Gacaca courts eventually tried more than a million (Nyseth Brehm, Uggen, and Gasanabo 2016), which led President Kagame to suggest that all Hutu bear responsibility and should apologise (Benda 2017, 13). Thus the new Rwanda is built not only on the death of 'more than a million' Tutsi but also on the collective guilt of Hutu.10 This state of affairs is in no one's interests except the regime's E.