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Xiaotian Quan

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A shadow puppet depicting Xiaotian Quan and his lord Erlang Shen.

Xiaotian Quan (Chinese: 哮天犬; lit. 'Sky Barking Hound'), also known as Howling Celestial Dog, is a Chinese mythological beast and companion of the Chinese god Erlang Shen. Depicted as a white dog, it assists Erlang Shen in battle by using its powerful bite and howl to attack, maul, or subdue demons. Xiaotian Quan appears in Journey to the West, Fengshen Yanyi, and other legends about Erlang Shen, such as Lotus Lantern and several Chinese folktales.[1][2]

Legends[edit]

Relief of Erlang Shen and Xiaotian Quan.

Folklore tells that Erlang Shen encountered a stray dog and felt a strong connection. At the time, he was still mortal and decided to take it with him, teaching it spells during his cultivation so that it could become immortal. The dog remained fiercely loyal and became like family to Erlang Shen. Together, they fought demons, and the dog became an inseparable part of Erlang Shen's legend, leading temples dedicated to Erlang Shen to also enshrined Xiaotian Quan.[3]

Xiaotian Quan first appeared in Gan Bao's In Search of the Supernatural.[4]

In the Chinese folktale of Lotus Lantern, Xiaotian Quan is the one who obstructs Liu Chenxiang from splitting Mount Hua to rescue his mother Huayue Sanniang.[5]

In the novel Investiture of the Gods, Yang Jian (assumed to be Erlang) sometimes sends his dog to bite his enemies.[6][7]

In the novel Journey to the West, Xiaotian Quan helps Erlang fight Sun Wukong, preventing him from escaping by biting him in the leg. Later in Chapter 63, Sun Wukong, Erlang, and their companions battle against the Nine-Headed Prince when the dog defeats the enemy biting off one of monster's retractable heads. The prince then flees, choking on his own blood. Erlang lets him go and predicts he'll drown in his own blood.[8]

The situation during the lunar eclipse, where it is believed that Xiaotian Quan swallowed the moon.

Xiaotian Quan is often identified with the primordial heavenly dog called Tiangou. In ancient times, with limited scientific understanding, solar and lunar eclipses were attributed to Tiangou's mischievous actions. During such celestial events, common folk would traditionally beat drums and gongs to drive away Tiangou. Even today, the saying "Tiangou eats the moon or sun" persists in popular culture.[9]

According to some versions of the legend, Xiaotian Quan is said to be originally the hunting dog of the skilled archer Hou Yi. When ten suns scorched the earth, causing great suffering, Hou Yi courageously shot down nine of them, leaving only one to provide warmth. Impressed by his bravery, the Queen Mother of the West gifted him an elixir of immortality. Trusting his wife Chang'e, Hou Yi entrusted the elixir to her for safekeeping. However, consumed by a longing to escape troubles, Chang'e drank the elixir. Feeling weightless, she ascended to the moon. Startled by the celestial phenomena, Hou Yi's loyal black dog barked in confusion. Frightened, Chang'e sought refuge on the moon's surface. In an attempt to catch Chang'e, the dog swallowed the moon whole. Outraged by this audacious act, the Jade Emperor and Queen Mother captured the dog. Upon discovering its loyalty to Hou Yi, the Queen Mother was moved. She bestowed upon the dog the title "Heavenly Dog" (Tiangou) and appointed it as guardian of the Southern Heavenly Gate. Honored by this duty, the dog relented, spitting out the moon and freeing Chang'e. Later, the dog became the companion of Erlang Shen, serving as his divine beast.[9]

In the Legend of the Jade Emperor, at the end of the story, after the war, everyone was granted titles by the Jade Emperor, except for Xiaotian Quan. Feeling wronged, Xiaotian Quan swallowed the sun and moon in two bites, plunging the sky into darkness. The Jade Emperor sent someone to investigate and discovered it was Xiaotian Quan. He then ordered Erlang Shen to capture the dog and bring him back to be punished.[10]

In the Peking opera titled An Tianhui (安天會), Xiaotian Quan is depicted as Liu Tianjun (劉天君), with a red face divided into three sections like tiles. In the opera Nao Tiangong (鬧天宮), Liu Tianjun is one of the Four Heavenly Kings, a Taoist deity who can summon wind and rain. The red, three-sectioned face represents his loyalty and bravery, with thunder and fire patterns drawn on his forehead.[11]

The Interactive Encyclopedia states that Xiaotian Quang appeared in the Yuan dynasty zaju titled Erlang Shen Locks Up the Great Sage Equaling Heaven by an anonymous author. The play contains the following line:[12]

"With the True Lord's golden bullet, slender hound, and three-pointed double-edged sword, where can he escape to?"

Therefore, some scholars believe that Xiaotian Quan belongs to the Chinese Xigou (slender dog) breed.[13] It is said that a large Tibetan dog breed Tibetan Mastiff is the descendant of Xiaotian Quan.[9]

According to Chinese historian Zhang Zhenglang's research, the prototype of Xiaotian Quan is the divine rat beside Dujian, the second son of the Northern Heavenly King Vaishravana. Dujian is identified with Erlang Shen by a later Buddhist source.[14]

Worship[edit]

Xiaotian Quan is enshrined in many temples dedicated to Erlang Shen. In a temple in Malaysia, the statue of Xiaotian Quan closely resembles that of a German shepherd, which has angered many people due to the misleading representation.[15]

The Yang Qiaotou Hall Temple in Haichang, Penang Island, is the only temple dedicated to Xiaotian Quan as a main deity.[16]

Xiaotian Quan's revered status as an animal deity attracts many pet owners to Erlang Shen temples. They pray for their pets' health, particularly before surgeries or during illnesses, seeking Xiaotian Quan's blessing and obtaining pet-specific amulets.[3]

The Yingyuan Temple in Taiwan enshrines Xiaotian Quan under the title "General Tiangu". Recognizing the loyal service of this divine beast, the temple has sculpted a special statue for worship, making it a rare guardian deity for pets. Founded in 1734, the Yingyuan Temple is primarily dedicated to Erlang Shen.[17]

In popular culture[edit]

The Song and Jin dynasties coins depict Xiaotian Quana, alongside his lord Erlang Shen.[18]

Proverb[edit]

Xiaotian Quan is the origin of a Chinese proverb called "狗咬呂洞賓——不識好人心" ("A dog bites Lü Dongbin—to fail to see the heart of a good person; to bite the hand that feeds you"). According to the story behind the proverb, one of the Eight Immortals Lü Dongbin once argued with Erlang Shen at the heavenly court, which led Xiaotian Quan to harbor deep animosity towards Lü Dongbin. One day, Xiaotian Quan fell into the mortal realm as punishment and was captured by humans and sold at a dog meat shop. Around the same time, Lü Dongbin descended to earth and happened to pass by. He saw what had happened and rescued the dog. However, instead of showing gratitude, the dog bit him, remembering its master's grudge.[19]

Film and TV series[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ 陜西民間故事集 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 遠流出版. 1989. ISBN 978-957-32-0066-6.
  2. ^ 八仙得道傳 (in Chinese). 飛翔時代. 1 January 1931.
  3. ^ a b Yifang, Lian (8 November 2019). "寵物開刀別擔心！到廟裡找哮天犬求平安". Now News (in Chinese).
  4. ^ 中国戏曲志: 黑龙江卷 (in Chinese). 中国 Isbn 中心. 1994. ISBN 978-7-5076-0052-0.
  5. ^ 神话传奇 (in Chinese). 青苹果数据中心. 27 January 2014.
  6. ^ 封神演义 (in Chinese). Beijing Book Co. Inc. 1 September 2019. ISBN 978-7-5455-4857-0.
  7. ^ 封神演义（中国古典文学名著） (in Chinese). 青苹果数据中心. 20 December 2013.
  8. ^ 嬉戲西遊 (in Chinese). 博益出版集團有限公司. 1983.
  9. ^ a b c "哮天犬食日天狗 二郎神神獸 - 大公報". Hong Kong Ta Kung Wen Wei Media Group (in Chinese). 29 September 2009.
  10. ^ 玉皇大帝的传说 (in Chinese). 花山文艺出版社. 1995. ISBN 978-7-80611-252-6.
  11. ^ 學京劇‧畫京劇：百變臉譜 (in Chinese). 崧燁文化. 8 December 2022. ISBN 978-626-332-972-0.
  12. ^ 明人雜劇選 (in Chinese). 人民文學出版社. 1958.
  13. ^ 孤本元明雜劇 (in Chinese). 商務印書館. 1941.
  14. ^ "第四部分 二郎传说头绪多（3）". Sohu Book. 張政烺. 18 December 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-12-18.
  15. ^ "小狗斗"神兽"？雪纳瑞犬狂吠哮天犬". 中國報 China Press (in Chinese (China)). 13 April 2024.
  16. ^ "檳姓楊橋頭會堂宮供奉 哮天犬號斬妖除魔". 光明日报 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 14 February 2018.
  17. ^ "番仔寮應元宮天狗將軍 毛孩守護神 | 中華日報". China Daily News (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 8 January 2021.
  18. ^ "二郎神在历史演变中不是特定人". Sina Collect (in Chinese). 6 April 2016.
  19. ^ 台灣俗語諺語辭典(精) (in Chinese). 五南圖書出版股份有限公司. 1 July 2022. ISBN 978-626-317-913-4.
  20. ^ "宝莲灯前传 的全部演职员". Douban.
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