PAULOWNIA PAULUS 179 of the Missionary Priests of St. Paul the Apos- tle." Their first convent and church were es- tablished in New York at the corner of 59th street and 9th avenue. Their missions and retreats were attended with such success that they have been called to labor in many states of the Union, including California. They have published several volumes of sermons and discourses delivered by the members. Some works on theological subjects have been also published by Fathers Hecker, Stone, and Hew- it; and they have founded and edit "The Catholic World," the most important Roman Catholic periodical of America. In 1875 they numbered 15 priests. PAFLOWMA, the generic and common name (given in honor of the princess royal Anna Paulovna of the Netherlands, afterward queen) of an ornamental tree introduced from Japan in 1840; in this country it is sometimes cor- rupted into polony. It belongs to the scrophu- lariacea or figwort family, and is remarkable among plants of that order for attaining the stature of a tree. It grows 20 or 30 ft. high, and has much the habit of a catalpa, and the leaves are similar to those of that tree, but much more downy. The flowers, produced in April or early in May, in large clustered pan- icles, are somewhat cylindrical with rounded lobes at the mouth ; they are 1 to 2 in. long, violet-colored, with a slight, pleasant fra- grance ; the segments of the five-cleft calyx are very thick and leathery, and densely covered with a rusty down ; the flowers are succeed- ed by ovate, pointed, two-valved capsules, an inch or more long, containing numerous small Paulownia imperial!*. winged seeds. When this tree was first intro- duced into the United States, having been pre- ceded by glowing accounts from abroad, it made a sensation among horticulturists, and was extensively planted ; and indeed few trees, are more attractive than a well grown speci- men crowded with its large clusters of hand- some flowers, but it is attended by so many disqualifications that it is now comparatively neglected. It is barely hardy north of the city of New York, and even there it often fails to bloom for several seasons in succession; the flower buds are formed the previous season, and are so highly developed that a severe win- ter is quite sure to destroy them ; and the tree, on account of the dull color of its very downy foliage, is not especially ornamental unless it flowers. When it blooms after a favorable winter, it is loaded with pods, which remain until they are beaten off by the winds, often continuing on during the following summer and much disfiguring the tree by their large masses of brown color. In a favorable climate the growth of the young trees from the seed or from cuttings is remarkably rapid and vig- orous, and the leaves upon such trees are fre- quently 2 ft. across, but on old trees they are less than half that size. The better use for the paulownia is to disregard its flowers, and to cut it down to the ground every year; in spring several vigorous shoots will start from the base, one of which if allowed to remain will grow 15 ft. or more high in the season, with a spread of foliage of truly tropical luxu- riance ; or if a large clump is desired, several shoots may be allowed to grow; fine garden effects may be produced by this treatment. It is readily propagated by seeds or from cuttings of the roots. PAFLFS, Heinrich Eberhard Gotttob, a German theologian, born at Leonberg, Wtirtemberg, Sept. 1, 1761, died in Heidelberg, Aug. 10, 1851. He studied the oriental languages and divinity at Tubingen and Gottingen, and went to Eng- land to examine the manuscripts in the Iibrarie8 of London and Oxford. In 1789 he became professor of oriental languages at Jena, and in 1793 of theology; in 1803 professor of the- ology at Wiirzburg ; and from 1811 to 1844 he taught exegesis and philosophy at Heidelberg. Among his numerous works are : PMlologisch- Tcritischer und historischer Commentar uber das Neue Testament (4 vols. 1800-'4); Das Leben Jesu (1828) ; and Exegetisches EandbucJi uber die drei ersten Evangelien (1830-'33). PAILFS, Lucius JDinilios, surnamed MACEDONI- CTJS, a Roman general, the most celebrated mem- ber of the distinguished family ^Emilius Paulus (or Paullus), of the ^Emilia gens, born in Rome about 230 B. C., died there in 160. He was the son of the consul of the same name who fell in the battle of Cannae (216). In 194 he was a commissioner to found a colony at Croton, in 192 was chosen curule sedile, and in 191 praetor, having the province of Further Spain assigned to him, and receiving the title of proconsul. He made a successful campaign against^ the Lusitani, and established order in his province. In 182 he was elected consul, and during the next year defeated the Ingauni, a people of Liguria, receiving a triumph on his return to Rome. In 1 68 the ill success of the war against
