PENNSYLVANIA 255 YEARS. White. Free colored. Slave. Total. Rank. 1790 ... . 424,099 6,537 3,787 434,373 2 1800 686,095 14,564 1,706 602,365 2 1810 786,804 22,492 795 810,091 3 1820 1,017,094 30,202 211 1,047,507 3 1880 1840 1850 1,809,900 1,676.115 2258160 37,930 47,854 53626 403 64 1,348,283 1,724,033 2,311 786 2 2 2 I860 2,849,259 56,949 2,906,215 2 1870 8 456 609 65,294 8,521,951 2 In 1875 the total population of the state was estimated at 3,941,400, including 70,000 color- ed. Included in the total for 1860 were 7 In- dians, and in that for 1870 34 Indians and 14 Chinese. Of the total population in 1870, 1,758,499 were males and 1,763,452 females; 2,976,642 were of native and 545,309 of foreign birth. Of the natives, 2,726,712 were born in the state, 14,623 in Delaware, 28,910 in Mary- land, 9,119 in Massachusetts, 36,694 in New Jersey, 87,876 in New York, 19,295 in Ohio, and 18,931 in Virginia and West Virginia. Of the foreigners, 10,022 were born in British America, 69,665 in England, 235,798 in Ire- land, 16,846 in Scotland, 27,633 in Wales, 160,- 146 in Germany, 819 in Holland, and 5,765 in Switzerland. The density of population was 76'56 persons to the square mile. There were 675,408 families, with an average of 5'21 per- sons to each, and 635,680 dwellings, with an average of 5-54 to each. The increase of pop- ulation from 1860 to 1870 was 21 -19 per cent. In 1870 there were 540,133 males and 535,907 females from 5 to 18 years old, 679,506 males from 18 to 45, and 776,345 male citizens 21 years old and upward. Of the total popula- tion 10 years of age and over (2,597,809), there were engaged in all occupations 1,020,544; in agriculture, 200,051, including 68,897 laborers and 187,646 farmers and planters; in profes- sional and personal services, 283,000, of whom 3,841 were clergymen, 84,343 domestic ser- vants, 140,835 laborers, 3,253 lawyers, 4,843 physicians and surgeons, and 11,200 teachers ; in trade and transportation, 121,253 ; in man- ufactures and mechanical and mining indus- tries, 356,240, including 3,056 lumbermen and raftsmen, 6,963 operatives in iron and steel works, 6,956 iron and steel rolling-mill opera- tives, 8,249 machinists, 41,997 miners, and 7,294 woollen-mill operatives. The total num- ber of deaths from all causes was 52,639, the ratio of mortality being 1'49 per cent.; from consumption 7,481, being one from that dis- ease out of seven from all causes. There were 2,683 deaths from cholera infantum, 1,088 from croup, 901 from whooping cough, 2,773 from pneumonia, 5,645 from scarlet fever, 1,898 from enteric fever, and 250 from inter- mittent and remittent fevers. The surface of Pennsylvania is level in the southeast, hilly and mountaino*us in the interior, and generally rolling or broken in the west. The southeast- ern counties are but little elevated above the sea, but in proceeding westward and north-. 647 VOL. xm. 17 ward a series of parallel ridges, from 1,500 to 2,500 ft. high, make a gently curving belt across the state, from N. E. to S. W., from 50 to 80 m. wide, and 200 m. long. The first of these ridges, called the South mountain, is a prolongation of the Blue Ridge of Virginia ; and the last one, the highest, is the Alleghany mountain, from which the general slope is continuous toward Ohio. The northern rim skirts Lake Erie at an elevation of 1,000 ft. above the lake, which is about 650 ft. above tide. The drainage level at Pittsburgh is 800 ft. above tide. The Susquehanna river drains parts of the highland through tortuous canons 1,000 ft. deep, and collects in a central valley, or rolling plain, which separates the group of anthracite coal mountains on the east from the wilderness of Devonian and Si- lurian mountains, on the west, through which the Juniata river and its branches break, by numerous "narrows" or short gaps. The an- thracite coal mountains form an elevated pla- teau, called the Pocono mountain, which is con- tinued as the Catskill mountains to the Hud- son. Through this plateau the Delaware river flows in a deep cafion. Each of the Appalachi- an ridges has a separate name, such as North, Blue, Kittatinny, Second, Peter's, Berry's, Mauch Chunk, Sharp, Locust, Mahanoy, Ma- hontongo, Big, Little, Shamokin, Nescopec, Shickshinny, Wyoming, Buck, Hell Kitchen, Yeager's, McCauley's, Montour, Buffalo, Jack's, Seven Mountains, Shade, Standing Stone, Tus- sey, Nittany, Bald Eagle, Dunning, Canoe, Hole, Hook, Will's, Savage, Black Log, Tusca- rora, Path Valley mountain, &c. Negro, Chest- nut, and Laurel ridges, 2,500 ft. high, are the only mountains west of the Alleghany Back- bone. They pass out of the state at the south- west, into Maryland and Virginia. The ridges E. of the Alleghany range are too abrupt for cultivation, but its W. slope is nearly all ara- ble, even at an elevation of 1,500 or 1,800 ft. The valleys of central Pennsylvania corre- spond to the mountain ridges in their gene- ral trend, and are transversely crossed by the great rivers, which pass to the sea by a series of zigzags. Chester valley in the southeast, Lebanon valley in the east, Wyoming valley in the northeast, Penn's and Juniata in the cen- tre, Cumberland in the south, and Mononga- hela valley in the southwest, are the principal. Many other deep narrow valleys occur in the mountainous region. The Delaware river, forming the E. boundary of the state, has tide water 132 m. from the sea to Trenton, and great depth at Philadelphia, averaging at the wharf line more than 45 ft. It is navigable for the largest ships to Philadelphia, for large steamboats to Trenton, and for small steam- boats to Easton. It breaks through the Kit- tatinny mountains at the Delaware Water Gap. The Susquehanna river drains the cen- tral part of the state, and runs southward to Chesapeake bay; it is a rapid, broad, and shallow river, not navigable for steamboats-
