PAPIAS PAPIJSTEAU Paphos, the modern Baffa, was between 7 and 8 in. N. W. of the old city, and was said to have been founded by Agapenor, chief of the Ar- cadians at the siege of Troy. It was also re- markable for the worship paid to Venus. This place is mentioned in the Acts in the account of St. Paul and Elymas the sorcerer. PAPIAS, an early Christian writer, bishop of Hierapolis in Phrygia. He wrote an "Explica- tion of the Speeches of the Lord," of which only a few fragments remain. He entertained the idea that there will be for 1,000 years after the resurrection from the dead a bodily reign of Christ on earth ; and from him millenarians were sometimes called Papianists. According to the Alexandrian chronicle, he suffered mar- tyrdom in Pergamus in A. D. 163. For the fragments of his writings see the Reliquim Sacra of Kouth^(8vo, Oxford, 1814). PAPIER MACHE, the pulp of paper mixed with glue or gum arabic, moulded, and dried, or paper pasted in sheets upon models. The cheaper articles of papier mache are made of white or brown paper mashed in water and pressed in oiled moulds. The better articles are produced by pasting or gluing together sheets of paper, which, when a proper degree of thickness is attained, are powerfully pressed and dried. While moist the preparation may be moulded into any form, and when dry it may be planed and rasped to shape. Several coats of varnish are next applied, and the ine- qualities are rubbed down with pumice stone. It is ornamented with gold, bronze powder, or colors, after which a varnish of shell lac is ap- plied and dried at a temperature of 280. A brilliant surface is obtained by polishing with rotten stone and oil, and by hand rubbing. For architectural ornaments, the sheets of pa- Eer prepared in layers with glue are pressed ito metal moulds. When removed, a compo- sition of paper pulp mixed with rosin and glue is put into the moulds, and the paper impres- sions being again inserted, the composition ad- heres to them permanently. Cartonpierre or- naments are similarly prepared, whiting being used in place of rosin, and are lighter and more durable than plaster of Paris. Papier mache is rendered to a great extent water-proof by mixing with the pulp a preparation of sulphate of iron and glue, and nearly fire-proof by add- ing to this borax and phosphate of soda. Papier mache is now used as a substitute for other materials in 'interior decorations. From a model made in clay or plaster a plaster mould is taken, into which a thin layer of the finest pulp is poured, which is backed by a thick, coarser pulp, generally made of bamboo. The casts are so strong that they can be made of great extent, and screwed to the walls or ceil- ings. When mixed with clay, glue, and an alkali, the material is fire-proof ; and if silicates are added, it is impervious to moisture. One of the most important properties of papier mache is the rapidity with which moulds can be taken with it from type, whereby the stereo- typing of daily newspapers has been rendered possible and common. (See PKINTING.) PAPILLON, Fcrnand, a French physiologist, born in Belfort in 1847, died in Paris, Jan. 2, 1874. He studied at the lyceum in Colmar and at the college de France, attracting much attention by the ability displayed in his chemi- cal work. In 1864 he became attached to the staff of the Moniteur scientifique, and from that time was a frequent contributor to scien- tific periodicals. Several of his essays were also published in the Revue des Deux Mondes. His original investigations were chiefly in chem- ical physiology, but he also wrote on partly metaphysical topics. His principal writings have been translated into English and pub- lished in a volume entitled " Nature and Life " (New York, 1875). PAPDT, Denis, a French physicist, born in Blois in 1647, died in Marburg, Germany, about 1712. He practised medicine in Paris for some time, but turned his attention to mechan- ics, and became the assistant of Huygens. He visited England in 1680, and while there pre- pared his Dissertation sur la maniere cPamollir les os, et de faire cuire toutes sortes de viandes en fort peu de temps et a pen de frais, avec la description de la machine (Paris, 1682). In this work he explained his digesteur or mar- mite, a contrivance for softening bones, the principle of which is still in use under the name of " Papin's digester." Having removed to Germany on account of the persecution to which he was exposed in France as a Protes- tant, he was appointed in 1687 professor of mathematics in the university of Marburg, and devoted his leisure to researches upon the use of steam. As early as 1690 he published the results of his labors in the Ada Eruditorum of Leipsic, proposing steam as a universal motive power, and describing a steam engine and even a rude paddle steamer. It appears from documents discovered by Prof. Kuhlmann in 1852 in the public library at Hanover, that in 1707 he had a vessel built in conformity with his invention, and tried it on the Fulda. His last published work was a Latin "Essay upon a new System for raising Water by the Action of Fire " (Frankfort, 1707): PAPINEAU, Louis Joseph, a Canadian politi- cian, born near Montreal in October, 1789, died at Montebello, near Quebec, Sept. 23, 1871. He was admitted to the bar, but never practised. At the age of 22 he entered the provincial parliament, and in 1815 was elected speaker of the house. He was the leader of the radical party, and in order to neutralize his influence, the governor general, Lord Dal- housie, appointed him one of the executive | council ; but he never appeared at its sittings, and continued his opposition to the govern- ment. In 1823 he went to England to remon- strate against the union of Upper and Lower Canada. In 1827 he was reflected to the house and rechosen speaker. Eather than sanction this choice, Lord Dalhousie adjourned the par-
