Draft:Original research/Gases

A gas has the characteristic of being a substance which expands freely to fill any space.

Its atoms or molecules remain independent subject to temperature or pressure.

The gaseous state of matter is found between the liquid and plasma states,^[1] the latter of which provides the upper temperature boundary for gases. Bounding the lower end of the temperature scale lie degenerative quantum gases^[2] or Bose–Einstein condensate.^[3]

Def. any "matter that can be contained only if it is fully surrounded by a solid (or in a bubble of liquid) (or held together by gravitational pull)"^[4] is called a gas.

The ideal gas laws describe a theoretical gas.

Def. relating "to, or existing as, gas"^[5] is called gaseous.

Def. the "gaseous state of a substance that is normally a solid or liquid"^[6] is called a vapor.

Intermolecular forces that result from electrostatic interactions between gas particles: (1) like-charged areas of different gas particles repel, while oppositely charged regions of different gas particles attract one another; (2) gaseous compounds with polar covalent bonds contain permanent charge imbalances and so experience relatively strong intermolecular forces, although the molecule while the compound's net charge remains neutral; (3) transient, randomly induced charges exist across non-polar covalent bonds of molecules and electrostatic interactions caused by them are Van der Waals forces vary within a substance to determine many of the physical properties unique to each gas.^[7][8] A comparison of boiling points for compounds formed by ionic and covalent bonds leads to this conclusion.^[9]

Def. a "gas which does not undergo chemical reactions"^[10] is called an inert gas.

Def. any "of the elements of group 18 of the periodic table, being monatomic and (with very limited exceptions) inert"^[11] is called a noble gas.

Def. any "monatomic and (with very limited exceptions) inert"^[11] gas is called a noble gas.

"Natural gas is a combustible mixture of hydrocarbon gases. While natural gas is formed primarily of methane, it can also include ethane, propane, butane and pentane. The composition of natural gas can vary widely [below is a] typical makeup of natural gas before it is refined."^[12]

Typical Makeup of Natural Gas before Refining

Molecules	Formula	Molecular percents
Methane	CH4	70-90 %
Ethane	C2H6	0-20 %
Propane	C3H8	0-20 %
Butane	C10H10	0-20 %
Carbon dioxide	CO2	0-8 %
Oxygen	O2	0-0.2 %
Nitrogen	N2	0-5 %
Hydrogen sulphide	H2S	0-5 %
Rare gases	Ar, He, Ne, Xe	trace

Water vapour is consistently the most common volcanic gas, normally comprising more than 60% of total emissions. Carbon dioxide typically accounts for 10 to 40% of emissions.^[13]

Volcanoes located at convergent plate boundaries emit more water vapor and chlorine, higher H₂O/H₂, H₂O/CO₂, CO₂/He and N₂/He ratios than volcanoes at geologic hot spots or divergent plate boundaries per the addition of seawater into magmas formed at subduction zones.^[13]

In volcanoes with an open path to the surface, e.g. Stromboli in Italy, bubbles may reach the surface and as they pop small explosions occur, where the gas can flow rapidly through the continuous permeable network towards the surface, which explains activity at Santiaguito, Santa Maria volcano, Guatemala^[14] and Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat.^[15]

Volcanic gases were directly responsible for approximately 3% of all volcano-related deaths of humans between 1900 and 1986.^[13]

The greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide, is emitted from volcanoes, accounting for nearly 1% of the annual global total.^[16]

Some volcanic gases including sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen fluoride react with other atmospheric particles to form aerosols.^[13]

File:Liquid methane pump.jpg

File:Liquid methane rocket engine 1.jpg

"Turbines have been around for a long time—windmills and water wheels are early examples. The name comes from the Latin turbo, meaning vortex, and thus the defining property of a turbine is that a fluid or gas turns the blades of a rotor, which is attached to a shaft that can perform useful work."^[17]

A gas detector is a device which detects the presence of various gases within an area or volume.

The combination of nanotechnology and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology allows the production of a hydrogen microsensor that functions properly at room temperature. One type of MEMS-based hydrogen sensor is coated with a film consisting of nanostructured [indium(III)] indium oxide (In₂O₃) and tin oxide (SnO₂).^[18] A typical configuration for mechanical Pd-based hydrogen sensors is the usage of a free-standing cantilever that is coated with Pd.^[19][20] In the presence of H₂, the Pd layer expands and thereby induces a stress that causes the cantilever to bend. Pd-coated nano-mechanical resonators have also been reported in literature, relying on the stress-induced mechanical resonance frequency shift caused by the presence of H₂ gas. In this case, the response speed was enhanced through the use of a very thin layer of Pd (20 nm). Moderate heating was presented as a solution to the response impairment observed in humid conditions.^[21]

"Care for the environment is becoming more and more of an issue in business today, also in the transport sector and liquid methane gas is a good alternative for diesel fuel."^[22]

"Liquid methane gas and diesel fuel are used in combination. When the liquid methane gas and the diesel fuel are mixed in a proportion of 75-25 a truck can run 500 to 1000 km. depending on the driving circumstances."^[22]

"The use of the liquid gas depends on economies that are made by using it. The gas is cheaper. One kilo (liquid methane is expressed in kilos) costs less than one litre of diesel and contains 35% more energy. A truck running on it, is far more expensive though. A normal truck costs 100.000 Euro, a truck running on liquid gas, 35.000 Euro more. And also the refuelling possibilities are restricted. Some more facilities are planned though."^[22]

"Rocket engines aren't exactly synonymous with liquid methane, but NASA's latest project shows just what this natural gas is capable of -- produces 7,500-pound thrust in this case. Best of all, "you don't have to put on a HAZMAT suit to handle it like fuels used on many space vehicles.""^[23]

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